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情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,认为“可能”、“应当”、“必要”等等,但本身词义不完全,不能单独作谓语动词,必须和不带“to”的动词不定式(即动词原形;ought 除外)连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。朗读时,情态动词的肯定式一般不重读。
1. can和could(could是can的过去式)
(1) 表示“许可”、“惊异”、“可能性”、“能够”等。在口语中,can 可以代替may,而may比较正式。
1) You can go now. (许可)
2) He said I could borrow his bike. (许可)
3) What on earth can this mean? (惊异)
4) At that time I thought the story could not be true. (可能)
5) Some of us can use the computer now, but we couldnt three years ago. (能力)
【高考链接】 1. I have a word with you? It wont take long.(2014年 北京卷27)
A. CanB. Must
C. ShallD. Should
(2) could可以代替can,表示①语气较为婉转,②可能性较小。
1) Could you wait a few days for the money?
2) Could you be here at eight oclock tomorrow morning?
【高考链接】 2. —Happy birthday! (2012年 江苏卷35)
—Thank you! Its the best present I for.
A. should have wishedB. must have wished
C. may have wishedD. could have wished
(3) can和be able to都可以表示能力,意思上没有区别,但can 只有现在式和过去式(could),而be able to则有更多的形式。
1) No one is able to do it. (No one can do it.)
2) We shall be able to finish the work next week.
3) I havent been able to find the book.
2. may和might(might是may的过去式)
(1) 表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”的意思。用作此意时,它的否定形式可用may not,但在表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”等意思时,常用must not (mustnt) 代替may not.
1) You may go now.
2) He said that I might borrow his bike.
3) —May I watch TV after supper?
—Yes, you may.
—No, you mustnt.或No, you may not. (或No, youd better not.)
在请求对方许可时,可用Might I...? 代替May I...? 表示更礼貌一些。如:
Might I use your telephone?
(2) 表示可能性,有“或许”、“可能”的意思。may或might 不定式,都可表示可能性。用might则语气更加不肯定。
1) He may be right.
2) I hear there may be a few copies left.
3) He may come today (tomorrow).
4) He might come today (tomorrow).
5) She might have some fever.
【高考链接】 3. Life is unpredictable; even the poorest become the richest. (2014年 江西卷30)
A. shallB. must
C. needD. might
【高考链接】 4. Had they known what was coming next, they second thoughts.(2012年浙江卷19)
A. may haveB. could have
C. must have hadD. might have had
3. must, have to和ought to
(1) must表示“必须”、“应该”。否定式must not(mustnt)表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“不准”、“禁止”等。
1) Everybody must obey the rules.
2) The work must be finished as soon as possible.
3) You mustnt lend it to others.
4) You mustnt speak like that to your mother. 在回答带有“must”的问句时,否定式常用need not (neednt) 或dont have to,表示“不必”,而不用must not,因为must not表示“不可以”。如:
—Must I be home before eight oclock?
—Yes, you must.
—No, you neednt.或No, you dont have to.
(2) must表示推测(“一定”、“必定”),只用在肯定句中。
1) You must be hungry after the long walk.
2) The Chinese language must have the largest number of speakers.
“must have 过去分词”表示对过去事情的推测。
【高考链接】 5. Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He too much at the party last night.(2013年 辽宁卷31)
A. could drinkB. should drink
C. would have drunkD. must have drunk
(3) have to表示“必须”,“不得不”,在这个意义上与must很接近,但must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to表示的却是客观需要。have to比must 有更多的形式。
1) I must go now. (主观看法)
I have to go now. (客观看法)
2) You dont have to worry about that.
3) He had to spend his childhood on hard work, helping his father on their small farm.
4) The students of today will have to know how to use the computers of tomorrow.
5) A poor boy like me couldnt go to school in those days. Thats why I always had to work when I was your age.
(4) ought to表示应该做的事情(和should差不多,只是口气稍重一些)或非常可能的事情。
1) You ought to follow your fathers advice.
2) The emperor thought that he ought to have nothing to fear for himself.
3) —Ought he to go?
—Yes, I think he ought (to).
4. need和dare
(1) need表示“需要”、“必需”。通常用在否定句或疑问句中。neednt have done主要表示某事已经做了,但后来觉得没必要去做,因此常含有责备或遗憾之意,译成汉语通常是“本来不必……”。
1) He neednt pay for it.
2) —Need you go now?
—Yes, I must.
—No, I neednt.
【高考链接】 6. —Ive prepared all kinds of food for the picnic. (2014年 湖南卷25)
—Do you mean we bring anything with us?
A. cantB. mustnt
C. shantD. neednt
【高考链接】 7. We have bought so much food now that Suzie wont be with us for dinner.(2012年 江西卷22)
A. may notB. neednt
C. cantD. mustnt
(2) dare表示“敢”。通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
1) How dare you say Im unfair?
2) She dare not do so.
注:need 和dare也可以用作行为动词,其变化与一般动词相同。
1) We need to think it over.
2) Does he need to know it?
3) She didnt need to go.
4) Who dares to go?
5) I dont dare (to) ask her.
5. shall和should
(1) shall作为情态动词,用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿,有“命令”、“警告”、“威胁”、“强制”、“允诺”等意思。
1) You shall do as I say.
2) Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow.
【高考链接】 8. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school.(2012年 辽宁卷24) A. mightB. could
C. shallD. will
(2) 在疑问句中,shall用来征询对方意见或请求指示,用于第一、三人称。
1) Where shall I wait for you?
2) Shall he come at once?
3) Shall we start the meeting now?
(3) should作为情态动词,表示“劝告”、“建议”时,可译作“应该”;还有可能用于虚拟语气中。
1) You should keep your promise.
2) We should be strict in all our work.
3) Young people should learn how to use computers.
【高考链接】 9. It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, bring me food.(2014年 江苏卷31)
A. mightB. would
C. should D. could
【高考链接】 10. My mom suggests that we eat out for a change this weekend.(2013年 陕西卷 12)
A. shouldB. might
C. couldD. would
6. will和would
A. will
(1) will表示“意志”、“意愿”,可用于各种人称。
1) I will tell you all about it.
2) Well help him if he asks us (to).
3) He wont go.
(2) will在疑问句中用于第二人称时,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求。
1) Im going down to the shop after school. Will you go with me?
2) Will you please give him a message when you see him?
3) Wont you sit down?
(3) 表示习惯性动作,有“总是”、“惯于”的意思。
1) Fish will die out of water.
2) Hell talk for hours if you give him the chance.
B. would
(1) would 是will的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志”、“意愿”,用于各个人称。
1) They said that they would help us.
2) I promised that I would do my best.
【高考链接】 11. Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but say where he was.(2012年 江苏卷28)
A. mustntB. shouldnt
C. wouldntD. mightnt
(2) 表示说话人的意愿或向对方提出请求,语气比will婉转。指的是现在时间。
1) Would you like some bananas?
2) Id like to see your tenspeed bicycles.
3) —Would you like to see a film?
—Yes, Id like to.
—Thanks. Im afraid I wont be able to.
注:在口语中,I would like to和I should like to都可以说。I would like to即Id like to.
(3) 表示过去的习惯动作。
1) She would sit like that for hours.
2) Every day she would get up at six oclock and light the fire.
【高考链接】 12. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother take me to Disneyland at weekends.(2014年 四川卷6)
A. mightB. must
C. wouldD. should
答案与解析
1. A。本题考查的是情态动词基本意义辨析。can能够,可能;must必须,一定;非得;shall将要;should应该。句意:我可以和你谈谈吗? 不会花很多时间的。根据句意可知本题使用can I...? 表示询问对方是否允许。
2. D。本题考查的是情态动词 完成式。A项意为“本应该期望而实际上并非如此”;B项意为“一定希望”;C项意为“也许希望”;D项意为“可能希望”。句意为:——生日快乐!——谢谢你!这是我所能期望的最好的礼物了。
3. D。本题考查的是情态动词辨析。shall将要;must必须,一定;need需要;might也许。句意:生活是无法预测的,甚至最贫穷的人也许会成为最富有的人。根据前句:Life is unpredictable。说明一切都有可能,所以使用might表示存在的可能性。 4. D。本题考查的是虚拟语气中的情态动词。本句是一个倒装句,可还原为:If they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thought。根据had known提示,可知是与过去事实相反,因此虚拟语气主句中应该用would / might have done,由此可见答案D符合语境。
5. D。本题考查情态动词表示猜测的用法。根据时间状语last night可知,本句讲的是过去的事情,故先排除选项A、B。would have done是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句结构。must have done表示对过去情况猜测,“肯定做过……”。由句意理解,这里是表示猜测,故选D。句意:亨利看起来似乎不舒服。他肯定是昨晚的晚宴上喝多了。
6. D。题干意思是:——我已经准备好了野餐要带的各种食物。——你的意思是我们不必带食物了吗?由此可知所填词意思是“不必”,故选D。
7. B。本题考查情态动词表示推测。本题要注意后面的now that从句:Suzie不与我们一起吃饭。所以前面是在说我们本没有必要,neednt have done主要表示某事已经做了,但后来觉得没必要去做,因此常含有责备或遗憾之意,译成汉语通常是“本来不必……”,句意:我们本来不必买这么多食物的,既然Suzie不与我们一起吃饭。
8. C。Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。
9. C。本题考查的是情态动词的特殊意义。might也许;would会,过去常常做某事;should应该,竟然;could能够。句意:让我难过的是,如此贫穷的他们竟然给我带来了食物。根据句意可知本句中的should表示“竟然”。
10. A。题干关键词为suggest,表示建议,其后所接的名词性从句应用“(should) 动词原形”的虚拟语气。
11. C。mustnt意为“禁止”;shouldnt意为“不应该”;wouldnt意为“不愿意”;mightnt意为“或许不”。句意:几天后,我哥哥打电话说他一切很好,但不愿意说他在哪儿。
12. C 。此题考查的是would表示过去的习惯性动作,可译为“过去常常”。句意:我仍旧记得我快乐的童年,那时我的母亲常在周末带我去迪斯尼乐园。
【特别提醒】 情态动词除表示一定的意思外,大都同时表示说话人的口气、神态、感情等。阅读时要结合上下文,使用时要注意到这一点。
(作者:吴涛,南京市第三高级中学)
1. can和could(could是can的过去式)
(1) 表示“许可”、“惊异”、“可能性”、“能够”等。在口语中,can 可以代替may,而may比较正式。
1) You can go now. (许可)
2) He said I could borrow his bike. (许可)
3) What on earth can this mean? (惊异)
4) At that time I thought the story could not be true. (可能)
5) Some of us can use the computer now, but we couldnt three years ago. (能力)
【高考链接】 1. I have a word with you? It wont take long.(2014年 北京卷27)
A. CanB. Must
C. ShallD. Should
(2) could可以代替can,表示①语气较为婉转,②可能性较小。
1) Could you wait a few days for the money?
2) Could you be here at eight oclock tomorrow morning?
【高考链接】 2. —Happy birthday! (2012年 江苏卷35)
—Thank you! Its the best present I for.
A. should have wishedB. must have wished
C. may have wishedD. could have wished
(3) can和be able to都可以表示能力,意思上没有区别,但can 只有现在式和过去式(could),而be able to则有更多的形式。
1) No one is able to do it. (No one can do it.)
2) We shall be able to finish the work next week.
3) I havent been able to find the book.
2. may和might(might是may的过去式)
(1) 表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”的意思。用作此意时,它的否定形式可用may not,但在表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”等意思时,常用must not (mustnt) 代替may not.
1) You may go now.
2) He said that I might borrow his bike.
3) —May I watch TV after supper?
—Yes, you may.
—No, you mustnt.或No, you may not. (或No, youd better not.)
在请求对方许可时,可用Might I...? 代替May I...? 表示更礼貌一些。如:
Might I use your telephone?
(2) 表示可能性,有“或许”、“可能”的意思。may或might 不定式,都可表示可能性。用might则语气更加不肯定。
1) He may be right.
2) I hear there may be a few copies left.
3) He may come today (tomorrow).
4) He might come today (tomorrow).
5) She might have some fever.
【高考链接】 3. Life is unpredictable; even the poorest become the richest. (2014年 江西卷30)
A. shallB. must
C. needD. might
【高考链接】 4. Had they known what was coming next, they second thoughts.(2012年浙江卷19)
A. may haveB. could have
C. must have hadD. might have had
3. must, have to和ought to
(1) must表示“必须”、“应该”。否定式must not(mustnt)表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“不准”、“禁止”等。
1) Everybody must obey the rules.
2) The work must be finished as soon as possible.
3) You mustnt lend it to others.
4) You mustnt speak like that to your mother. 在回答带有“must”的问句时,否定式常用need not (neednt) 或dont have to,表示“不必”,而不用must not,因为must not表示“不可以”。如:
—Must I be home before eight oclock?
—Yes, you must.
—No, you neednt.或No, you dont have to.
(2) must表示推测(“一定”、“必定”),只用在肯定句中。
1) You must be hungry after the long walk.
2) The Chinese language must have the largest number of speakers.
“must have 过去分词”表示对过去事情的推测。
【高考链接】 5. Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He too much at the party last night.(2013年 辽宁卷31)
A. could drinkB. should drink
C. would have drunkD. must have drunk
(3) have to表示“必须”,“不得不”,在这个意义上与must很接近,但must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to表示的却是客观需要。have to比must 有更多的形式。
1) I must go now. (主观看法)
I have to go now. (客观看法)
2) You dont have to worry about that.
3) He had to spend his childhood on hard work, helping his father on their small farm.
4) The students of today will have to know how to use the computers of tomorrow.
5) A poor boy like me couldnt go to school in those days. Thats why I always had to work when I was your age.
(4) ought to表示应该做的事情(和should差不多,只是口气稍重一些)或非常可能的事情。
1) You ought to follow your fathers advice.
2) The emperor thought that he ought to have nothing to fear for himself.
3) —Ought he to go?
—Yes, I think he ought (to).
4. need和dare
(1) need表示“需要”、“必需”。通常用在否定句或疑问句中。neednt have done主要表示某事已经做了,但后来觉得没必要去做,因此常含有责备或遗憾之意,译成汉语通常是“本来不必……”。
1) He neednt pay for it.
2) —Need you go now?
—Yes, I must.
—No, I neednt.
【高考链接】 6. —Ive prepared all kinds of food for the picnic. (2014年 湖南卷25)
—Do you mean we bring anything with us?
A. cantB. mustnt
C. shantD. neednt
【高考链接】 7. We have bought so much food now that Suzie wont be with us for dinner.(2012年 江西卷22)
A. may notB. neednt
C. cantD. mustnt
(2) dare表示“敢”。通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
1) How dare you say Im unfair?
2) She dare not do so.
注:need 和dare也可以用作行为动词,其变化与一般动词相同。
1) We need to think it over.
2) Does he need to know it?
3) She didnt need to go.
4) Who dares to go?
5) I dont dare (to) ask her.
5. shall和should
(1) shall作为情态动词,用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿,有“命令”、“警告”、“威胁”、“强制”、“允诺”等意思。
1) You shall do as I say.
2) Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow.
【高考链接】 8. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school.(2012年 辽宁卷24) A. mightB. could
C. shallD. will
(2) 在疑问句中,shall用来征询对方意见或请求指示,用于第一、三人称。
1) Where shall I wait for you?
2) Shall he come at once?
3) Shall we start the meeting now?
(3) should作为情态动词,表示“劝告”、“建议”时,可译作“应该”;还有可能用于虚拟语气中。
1) You should keep your promise.
2) We should be strict in all our work.
3) Young people should learn how to use computers.
【高考链接】 9. It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, bring me food.(2014年 江苏卷31)
A. mightB. would
C. should D. could
【高考链接】 10. My mom suggests that we eat out for a change this weekend.(2013年 陕西卷 12)
A. shouldB. might
C. couldD. would
6. will和would
A. will
(1) will表示“意志”、“意愿”,可用于各种人称。
1) I will tell you all about it.
2) Well help him if he asks us (to).
3) He wont go.
(2) will在疑问句中用于第二人称时,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求。
1) Im going down to the shop after school. Will you go with me?
2) Will you please give him a message when you see him?
3) Wont you sit down?
(3) 表示习惯性动作,有“总是”、“惯于”的意思。
1) Fish will die out of water.
2) Hell talk for hours if you give him the chance.
B. would
(1) would 是will的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志”、“意愿”,用于各个人称。
1) They said that they would help us.
2) I promised that I would do my best.
【高考链接】 11. Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but say where he was.(2012年 江苏卷28)
A. mustntB. shouldnt
C. wouldntD. mightnt
(2) 表示说话人的意愿或向对方提出请求,语气比will婉转。指的是现在时间。
1) Would you like some bananas?
2) Id like to see your tenspeed bicycles.
3) —Would you like to see a film?
—Yes, Id like to.
—Thanks. Im afraid I wont be able to.
注:在口语中,I would like to和I should like to都可以说。I would like to即Id like to.
(3) 表示过去的习惯动作。
1) She would sit like that for hours.
2) Every day she would get up at six oclock and light the fire.
【高考链接】 12. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother take me to Disneyland at weekends.(2014年 四川卷6)
A. mightB. must
C. wouldD. should
答案与解析
1. A。本题考查的是情态动词基本意义辨析。can能够,可能;must必须,一定;非得;shall将要;should应该。句意:我可以和你谈谈吗? 不会花很多时间的。根据句意可知本题使用can I...? 表示询问对方是否允许。
2. D。本题考查的是情态动词 完成式。A项意为“本应该期望而实际上并非如此”;B项意为“一定希望”;C项意为“也许希望”;D项意为“可能希望”。句意为:——生日快乐!——谢谢你!这是我所能期望的最好的礼物了。
3. D。本题考查的是情态动词辨析。shall将要;must必须,一定;need需要;might也许。句意:生活是无法预测的,甚至最贫穷的人也许会成为最富有的人。根据前句:Life is unpredictable。说明一切都有可能,所以使用might表示存在的可能性。 4. D。本题考查的是虚拟语气中的情态动词。本句是一个倒装句,可还原为:If they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thought。根据had known提示,可知是与过去事实相反,因此虚拟语气主句中应该用would / might have done,由此可见答案D符合语境。
5. D。本题考查情态动词表示猜测的用法。根据时间状语last night可知,本句讲的是过去的事情,故先排除选项A、B。would have done是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句结构。must have done表示对过去情况猜测,“肯定做过……”。由句意理解,这里是表示猜测,故选D。句意:亨利看起来似乎不舒服。他肯定是昨晚的晚宴上喝多了。
6. D。题干意思是:——我已经准备好了野餐要带的各种食物。——你的意思是我们不必带食物了吗?由此可知所填词意思是“不必”,故选D。
7. B。本题考查情态动词表示推测。本题要注意后面的now that从句:Suzie不与我们一起吃饭。所以前面是在说我们本没有必要,neednt have done主要表示某事已经做了,但后来觉得没必要去做,因此常含有责备或遗憾之意,译成汉语通常是“本来不必……”,句意:我们本来不必买这么多食物的,既然Suzie不与我们一起吃饭。
8. C。Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。
9. C。本题考查的是情态动词的特殊意义。might也许;would会,过去常常做某事;should应该,竟然;could能够。句意:让我难过的是,如此贫穷的他们竟然给我带来了食物。根据句意可知本句中的should表示“竟然”。
10. A。题干关键词为suggest,表示建议,其后所接的名词性从句应用“(should) 动词原形”的虚拟语气。
11. C。mustnt意为“禁止”;shouldnt意为“不应该”;wouldnt意为“不愿意”;mightnt意为“或许不”。句意:几天后,我哥哥打电话说他一切很好,但不愿意说他在哪儿。
12. C 。此题考查的是would表示过去的习惯性动作,可译为“过去常常”。句意:我仍旧记得我快乐的童年,那时我的母亲常在周末带我去迪斯尼乐园。
【特别提醒】 情态动词除表示一定的意思外,大都同时表示说话人的口气、神态、感情等。阅读时要结合上下文,使用时要注意到这一点。
(作者:吴涛,南京市第三高级中学)