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在美国,“使用者付费”是指由使用者支付费用,即“谁使用谁付费”。从行政规制的角度来看,“使用者付费”是指行政规制机构就其提供的特定产品或者特定服务向特定受益人所收取的费用。其功能在于减轻政府部门的财政负担,提高政府部门的工作绩效,促进相对人对收费的认同。行政规制中设定“使用者付费”的法律依据包括《独立办公室拨款法案》、《统一预算协调法案》及其他单行法律,在设定收费标准时,应考虑公正因素、效率因素、收入充足性因素及实施成本因素。实施“使用者付费”制度时,需考虑收费的时机、收费水平的调整、收费的减免、收费的管理。需对“使用者付费”制度的运行进行监督。这包括国会的监督、白宫管理与预算办公室(OMB)的监督及行政收费部门的自我监督,最重要的是法院的司法审查。司法审查的要点有三:其一,要判定行政征收的费用是税还是“使用者付费”;其二,判定行政规制收费权是否合宪、合法;其三,要去判定是否存在特定的受益人,其是否存在“特定利益”。在我国现行的金融监管收费制度中,存在收费依据不足、收费标准不清、收费管理不明、收费监督不力等问题,借鉴美国的制度经验,应调整金融监管收费依据,明确收费标准,统一监管收费管理,明确监管收费用途,完善对监管收费的监督。
In the United States, “user pays ” means that the user pays for the fee, ie “who pays for who pays.” From an administrative regulatory perspective, “user pays ” refers to the fee charged by a regulatory agency to a particular beneficiary for a particular product or service it provides. Its function is to reduce the financial burden on government departments, improve the performance of government departments, and promote relative recognition of fees. The legal basis for setting “user pay” in the administrative regulations includes the Independent Office Appropriations Act, the Uniform Budget Coordination Act and other individual laws. When setting the charging standards, the fairness factors, efficiency factors and sufficient income should be considered Sexual factors and implementation cost factors. The implementation of “user payment ” system, the need to consider the timing of fees, fees level adjustment, fee relief, fee management. We need to monitor the operation of the “user-paid” system. This includes parliamentary oversight, oversight by the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and self-monitoring by the administrative charging authority, most importantly the judicial review of the courts. Judicial review of the three main points: First, to determine the cost of administrative levy is tax or “user pays ”; Second, to determine whether the right to charge regulatory system is constitutional, legal; Third, to determine whether there is a specific Beneficiary, whether it exists “specific interests ”. In China’s current financial regulatory charging system, there are some problems such as insufficient charging basis, unclear charging standard, unclear charging management and ineffective supervision of charging. Drawing on the experience of the United States, we should adjust the basis for financial supervision and charging, clarify the charging standards, and unify the regulatory fees Management, clearly regulate the use of charges, improve supervision of regulatory fees.