铁路作为国民经济的命脉,在世界各国发展中起着举足轻重的作用,它一度是衡量一个国家发达程度的标志。但是步入20世纪60、70年代以来,公路、民航等运输方式的飞速发展,政府管理铁路出现的严重弊端,致使多数国家的铁路陷入市场份额萎缩,财务状况恶化的困境。面对日益严重的状况,各国政府开始放松对铁路行业的管制,引入私人资本,对铁路系统实施民营 As the lifeline of the national economy, the railway plays a decisive role in the development of all countries in the world. For a time, the railway is a symbol of the degree of development of a country. However, since the 1960s and 1970s, the rapid development of transportation modes such as highways and civil aviation has brought serious drawbacks to the railway administration. As a result, railroads in most countries have plunged into the dilemma of declining market share and deteriorating their financial conditions. Faced with the increasingly serious situation, governments of various countries have started to relax their control over the railway industry, introduce private capital, and implement private ownership of the railway system