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人类通过耕作活动对自然植被景观的改变是全球环境变化的重要表现形式之一.东北地区是过去300年中国人类活动对土地覆盖变化发生重大影响的典型地区,对于从人类-环境耦合系统的角度看土地覆盖变化及其驱动机制具有重要意义.采用历史数据订正与多源耕地数据关系模型校核相结合的方法,重建了东北地区过去300年耕地面积时间序列以及耕地覆盖的空间格局变化,结果表明:(1)从变化总趋势来看,过去300年东北耕地几乎呈指数增长,增长最为迅速的时期为近100年,垦殖率由约10%增至20%以上;(2)从空间格局变化来看,18世纪中后期之前,东北三省的开垦区域还主要局限于辽宁省,19世纪末至20世纪初开垦区域大规模向北扩张,至20世纪初期,东北的垦殖北界已达到黑龙江中部;20世纪东北整体垦殖强度仍不断增大,但区域差异性逐渐减小,其中,20世纪初至30年代和20世纪50年代至80年代高垦殖率区域扩张较明显,并逐渐形成了3个主要农耕区;在20世纪30～40年代的吉林省与黑龙江省,表现出新垦殖区域向森林地区的扩张.总之,过去300年东北耕地覆盖的时空变化,反映出人类通过土地开垦、森林砍伐等生产活动已较大幅度地改变了该区域的自然景观面貌.
Human beings’ changing landscapes of natural vegetation through farming activities are one of the most important manifestations of global environmental change.The Northeast China is a typical area where human activities have had a significant impact on land cover change in the past 300 years. From the angle of the human-environment coupling system It is significant to see the change of land cover and its driving mechanism.Using the method of historical data revision and multi-source cultivated land data relational model checking, this paper reconstructs the temporal pattern of cultivated land area and the spatial pattern change of cultivated land cover in the past 300 years in Northeast China. (1) According to the general trend of change, the cultivated land in northeast China grew almost exponentially in the past 300 years, the fastest growing period was nearly 100 years and the reclamation rate increased from about 10% to over 20%. (2) From the spatial pattern Before the mid and late 18th century, the reclamation areas in the three northeastern provinces were also mainly confined to Liaoning Province. Large-scale expansion of reclaimed land from the late 19th century to the early 20th century was large-scale northward. By the early 20th century, the northern boundary of reclamation in Northeast China reached the central part of Heilongjiang Province In the 20th century, the strength of cultivation in northeast China continued to increase, but the regional differences gradually decreased. From the early 20th century to the 30s and the 20th century From 1980s to the 1980s, the area of high reclamation rate became more obvious, and gradually formed three major farming areas. From the 1930s to the 1940s, Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province showed the expansion of newly cultivated areas to the forest areas. In the past, The spatial and temporal changes of cultivated land cover in northeast China during the past 300 years reflect that the human activities such as land reclamation and deforestation have greatly changed the natural landscape of the area.