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不定式和动名词虽然都是非谓语动词,但它们的构成形式不一样,功能也不尽相同。动名词的基本形式是doing,被动形式是being done,完成形式为having done/having been done。动名词具有名词的功能,可在句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。不定式的基本形式是to do,有时不带to,只用动词原形,被动形式是to be done,完成时态是to have done/to have been done。
不定式不仅有名词的功能,还具有形容词和副词的功能,所以,除了可做主语、宾语、表语和定语外,还可做宾语补足语和状语。这里我们主要探讨不定式和动名词在句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语上的功能上的差别。
做主语时的差别
作为抽象名词用,动词不定式和动名词都可做主语,一般情况下可互换,但是不定式还可用来指特定的某一次或具体某一个对象的行为,或表示将来的行为;而动名词则表示经常的、习惯性的动作,或适用于一般人的普遍情形。
动词不定式和动名词做主语时,句子的谓语动词都用单数。
To be a pilot is the girl’s ambition.
成为飞行员是这个女孩的志向。(志向是将来才实现的)
To be laughed at in the presence of all his friends yesterday made him annoyed.
昨天他在所有的朋友面前遭到嘲笑让他很生气。(具体某一个情形下的行为)
Being laughed at is unavoidable in our life.
在生活中遭到嘲笑是不可避免的。(适用于所有人)
Playing football ranks first in boys of all their after-class activities. So to learn to play volleyball today seem quite unusual and surprising to the guys.
踢足球在男孩的课外活动排第一,所以今天学打排球对于这些孩子来说很不寻常和令人惊讶。(踢足球是个适合一般人的抽象动作,而学打排球是男孩们今天的具体的一次行为)
Walking does good to our health.
步行对身体有好处。(适用于所有人)
做宾语时的差别
动词不定式和动名词都可在句中做宾语。究竟该用不定式还是动名词做动词的宾语,具体取决于其前面动词的用法。此外,动名词可做介词后的宾语,而不定式不能。
The newly married couple can hardly afford to buy a flat at their own expense, as is often the case in China nowadays.
刚结婚的夫妻几乎不能靠他们自己买房,这在现在的中国是常有的事情。
I can understand her wanting to live alone and become independent.
我能理解她想一个人独立生活。
有的英语动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语,而且没什么区别。常见的有attempt, begin, start, bother, can’t bear, cease, continue, hate, like, love, intend, prefer等。
He hates to be cheated/being cheated.
他讨厌被欺骗。
但是,有的英语动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语,意思有区别。常见的有stop,mean, remember, forget, regret, try, need等。
stop to do表示停下(手头的事)去做另外的事;stop doing表示停止做某事。
mean to do表示打算做;mean doing表示意味着做。
remember to do表示记得要做某事,而remember doing表示记得做过某事。
forget to do表示要做某事但忘了,而forget doing则表示忘记做过某事。
regret to say/tell/inform表示遗憾地说、告诉、通知,而regret doing表示后悔做了某事。
try to do表示试图做某事,而try doing则表示试一试做某事。
need to do表示必须要做,need doing表示需要做。
The teacher asked the students to stop chatting in class.
老师叫学生在课堂上不要讲话。
Having walked 30 minutes, they decided to stop to have a rest.
走了30分钟后,他们决定停下来休息一下。
They had meant to get home earlier, but there being no bus meant walking home and being late for supper.
他们本打算早点回家,但是没有公汽意味着步行回家,晚饭迟到。
还有一些动词短语虽然以to结尾,其中的to却是介词,所以后面要么接名词作宾语,要么就接动名词作为介词的宾语。这类短语有: Pay attention to, look forward to, lead to, contribute to/make contribution to, stick to, be addicted to, be accustomed/used to, be opposed to, be exposed to, object to, be devoted to, get down to, on one’s way to等。
还有一些较难理解的句子:
How Tom expected there to be an opportunity to see the pianist in the flesh!
汤姆多么希望有机会能亲自看到这位钢琴家啊!(there to be...作expect的宾语)
Usually noises of desks being opened and closed could be heard far in the street.
通常远远地在街上就能听到桌子开开关关的响声。
上句of后接be opened and closed的动名词作介词的宾语, 而且带有be opened and closed的逻辑主语desks也可改为desks’,就像Do you mind my/me opening the door?一样。
做表语时的差别
动词不定式和动名词在句中都可作表语,在一般情况下可互换。但在表将来,或具体某人的某一次行为,则经常用不定式。如:
His favorite sport is playing tennis.
我最喜爱的运动是网球。
Marty’s ambition/wish is to be a computer programmer.
马蒂的志向/愿望是当一句计算机程序员。
My job is training you to give good lectures, but today my first presentation is to share a poem with you.
我的工作是训练你作好演讲,但是今天首先要和你分享一首诗。
另外, 还要注意对等结构中的一致。如“眼见为实”既可以翻译为Seeing is believing, 也可译为To see is to believe,即主语用不定式时,表语也要用不定式;主语是动名词时表语也要用动名词。不要糅杂到一起,要保持主语和表语形式的一致。
做定语时的差别
动词不定式通常在所修饰的名词后作定语,或用于表示“有”的结构中作定语。动名词作定语常表示所修饰的名词的功能或用途。
Madam Curie is the first woman scientist to receive a Nobel Prize.
居里夫人是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。
There are a lot of topics to choose from.
有很多话题可供挑选。
The girl has a great number of books to read.
这个女孩有很多书要读。
The swimming pool is accessible to all the residents in the community.
这个社区所有的居民都可使用这个游泳池。
He wants to buy a pair of running shoes.
他想买双跑鞋。
不定式不仅有名词的功能,还具有形容词和副词的功能,所以,除了可做主语、宾语、表语和定语外,还可做宾语补足语和状语。这里我们主要探讨不定式和动名词在句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语上的功能上的差别。
做主语时的差别
作为抽象名词用,动词不定式和动名词都可做主语,一般情况下可互换,但是不定式还可用来指特定的某一次或具体某一个对象的行为,或表示将来的行为;而动名词则表示经常的、习惯性的动作,或适用于一般人的普遍情形。
动词不定式和动名词做主语时,句子的谓语动词都用单数。
To be a pilot is the girl’s ambition.
成为飞行员是这个女孩的志向。(志向是将来才实现的)
To be laughed at in the presence of all his friends yesterday made him annoyed.
昨天他在所有的朋友面前遭到嘲笑让他很生气。(具体某一个情形下的行为)
Being laughed at is unavoidable in our life.
在生活中遭到嘲笑是不可避免的。(适用于所有人)
Playing football ranks first in boys of all their after-class activities. So to learn to play volleyball today seem quite unusual and surprising to the guys.
踢足球在男孩的课外活动排第一,所以今天学打排球对于这些孩子来说很不寻常和令人惊讶。(踢足球是个适合一般人的抽象动作,而学打排球是男孩们今天的具体的一次行为)
Walking does good to our health.
步行对身体有好处。(适用于所有人)
做宾语时的差别
动词不定式和动名词都可在句中做宾语。究竟该用不定式还是动名词做动词的宾语,具体取决于其前面动词的用法。此外,动名词可做介词后的宾语,而不定式不能。
The newly married couple can hardly afford to buy a flat at their own expense, as is often the case in China nowadays.
刚结婚的夫妻几乎不能靠他们自己买房,这在现在的中国是常有的事情。
I can understand her wanting to live alone and become independent.
我能理解她想一个人独立生活。
有的英语动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语,而且没什么区别。常见的有attempt, begin, start, bother, can’t bear, cease, continue, hate, like, love, intend, prefer等。
He hates to be cheated/being cheated.
他讨厌被欺骗。
但是,有的英语动词既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语,意思有区别。常见的有stop,mean, remember, forget, regret, try, need等。
stop to do表示停下(手头的事)去做另外的事;stop doing表示停止做某事。
mean to do表示打算做;mean doing表示意味着做。
remember to do表示记得要做某事,而remember doing表示记得做过某事。
forget to do表示要做某事但忘了,而forget doing则表示忘记做过某事。
regret to say/tell/inform表示遗憾地说、告诉、通知,而regret doing表示后悔做了某事。
try to do表示试图做某事,而try doing则表示试一试做某事。
need to do表示必须要做,need doing表示需要做。
The teacher asked the students to stop chatting in class.
老师叫学生在课堂上不要讲话。
Having walked 30 minutes, they decided to stop to have a rest.
走了30分钟后,他们决定停下来休息一下。
They had meant to get home earlier, but there being no bus meant walking home and being late for supper.
他们本打算早点回家,但是没有公汽意味着步行回家,晚饭迟到。
还有一些动词短语虽然以to结尾,其中的to却是介词,所以后面要么接名词作宾语,要么就接动名词作为介词的宾语。这类短语有: Pay attention to, look forward to, lead to, contribute to/make contribution to, stick to, be addicted to, be accustomed/used to, be opposed to, be exposed to, object to, be devoted to, get down to, on one’s way to等。
还有一些较难理解的句子:
How Tom expected there to be an opportunity to see the pianist in the flesh!
汤姆多么希望有机会能亲自看到这位钢琴家啊!(there to be...作expect的宾语)
Usually noises of desks being opened and closed could be heard far in the street.
通常远远地在街上就能听到桌子开开关关的响声。
上句of后接be opened and closed的动名词作介词的宾语, 而且带有be opened and closed的逻辑主语desks也可改为desks’,就像Do you mind my/me opening the door?一样。
做表语时的差别
动词不定式和动名词在句中都可作表语,在一般情况下可互换。但在表将来,或具体某人的某一次行为,则经常用不定式。如:
His favorite sport is playing tennis.
我最喜爱的运动是网球。
Marty’s ambition/wish is to be a computer programmer.
马蒂的志向/愿望是当一句计算机程序员。
My job is training you to give good lectures, but today my first presentation is to share a poem with you.
我的工作是训练你作好演讲,但是今天首先要和你分享一首诗。
另外, 还要注意对等结构中的一致。如“眼见为实”既可以翻译为Seeing is believing, 也可译为To see is to believe,即主语用不定式时,表语也要用不定式;主语是动名词时表语也要用动名词。不要糅杂到一起,要保持主语和表语形式的一致。
做定语时的差别
动词不定式通常在所修饰的名词后作定语,或用于表示“有”的结构中作定语。动名词作定语常表示所修饰的名词的功能或用途。
Madam Curie is the first woman scientist to receive a Nobel Prize.
居里夫人是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。
There are a lot of topics to choose from.
有很多话题可供挑选。
The girl has a great number of books to read.
这个女孩有很多书要读。
The swimming pool is accessible to all the residents in the community.
这个社区所有的居民都可使用这个游泳池。
He wants to buy a pair of running shoes.
他想买双跑鞋。