在二战以及德军占领期间,我于1944年第一次开始研究正义问题,那时我曾说正义是一个意义混乱的概念。而我那时认为哲学不过是对混乱概念的系统研究。我说这话的意思是,如果我们从已被不同的人在不同的情形下以不同的意义使用千百年的普通用语中提取概念,这自然会导致混乱。使用这些概念的哲学家通常会和柏拉图一样认为,由于这些概念意义混乱,所以我们应该置 During World War II and the German occupation, I first began studying the question of justice in 1944, when I said that justice was a concept of confusion. At the time, I thought that philosophy was merely a systematic study of the concept of chaos. What I mean by saying this is that if we extract concepts from the ordinary terminology that has been used for thousands of years by different people in different situations in different situations, this naturally leads to confusion. Philosophers who use these concepts often agree with Plato that because of the confusion of these concepts, we should