历史上,因为环境突变而灭绝的动物物种不胜枚举,比如恐龙。进化论的一个观点认为,灭绝的物种未能适应剧烈变化的环境。如果类推到企业界,很多企业未能适应不断变化的市场环境——尤其是技术变革引起的市场环境变化,并因此威胁到他们的生存。比如,在过去的两年里,分别作为胶片技术和数字移动电话先驱的柯达和诺基亚面临的竞争性问题严重的到了无以复加的地步。由于未能适应数字摄影革命,柯达被迫破产重组。而对于诺基亚而言,智能手机的 Historically, animal species extinct due to sudden changes in the environment, such as dinosaurs. One view of evolution holds that extinct species have not been able to adapt to the rapidly changing environment. If the analogy goes to the business world, many businesses fail to adapt to changing market conditions - especially the changes in the marketplace caused by technological change and thus threaten their viability. For example, in the past two years, the competitive issues facing Kodak and Nokia, pioneers of film technology and digital mobile phones, respectively, have been severely aggravated. Kodak was forced to bankruptcy and restructuring due to failure to adapt to the digital photography revolution. For Nokia, the smart phone