论文部分内容阅读
一、单项填空（共15小题，每小题1分，满分15分）
1. And isnt it amazing that by the time children are two or three years old they sentences together.
A. are stringingB. have strung
C. had strungD. will have strung
2. The continuous rain the sports meet， scheduled to be held this Wednesday， to next week.
A. set backB. set off
C. set outD. set aside
3. —Excuse me， is the convenience store open all around the clock？
—. Only from 7：00 am to 9：00 pm.
A. Im not sureB. Well， it depends
C. Thats rightD. Im afraid not
4. Getting the best out of yourself be difficult， but doing a little better is comparatively easier.
A. mustB. shall
C. canD. should
5. —What do you suggest we should do when we lose our way？
—.
A. Calling the police for help
B. Call the police for help
C. To call the police for help
D. Called the police for help
6. Lucky though he felt to attend the meeting， he didnt expect more from it.
A. askingB. to ask
C. to be askedD. being asked
7. The whale stayed upside down with her tail straight up for the entire 10 to 15 minutes when the researchers saw her， almost as if she it as a sail to hitch a ride with the wind.
A. usedB. was using
C. were usingD. uses
8. —Susan， your grandma will come to see you next Friday.
—Really？ Thank you so much for telling me.
A. These things happen！
B. Theres no panic.
C. So far so good.
D. Youve made my day！
9. People have long struggled to reproduce those results with dogs， in part because the canine （犬類的） reproductive cycle differs from of other mammals.
A. thatB. one
C. thoseD. it
10. Have you ever found yourself nervous while being asked questions in an interview or talking to a cute person you have a on.
A. crashB. crush
C. crackD. collision
11. Before closing the door to his office， he told his secretary that he was .
A. to not disturbB. not to disturb
C. to not be disturbedD. not to be disturbed
12. —Andy， the computer in your office cant be connected all the time. Why？
—Sorry， Mr. Miles. The service since last Friday.
A. has been stoppedB. has stopped
C. was stoppedD.had stopped
13. The pain of being alone motivates us to seek the safety of companionship， which benefits the species by encouraging group cooperation and protection. A. in returnB. in turn
C. in cycleD. in vain
14. He us into his carriage and we were off to his house for dinner.
A. loadedB. wrapped
C. satD. packed
15. The partnership will run until 2022 and promote is Alibabas first car business， is scheduled to be launched next year.
A. what； thatB. which； which
C. what； whichD. that； that
二、完形填空（共20小題；每小题1分，满分20分）
If I were a boy again， I would cultivate courage. “Nothing is so mild and 16 as courage， nothing so cruel and pitiless as cowardice，” says a wise author. We too often 17 trouble， and anticipate that may never appear. “The fear of ill 18 the ill we fear.” Dangers will 19 in any career， but 20 of mind will often conquer the 21 of them.
If I were a boy again I would look on the 22 side. Life is very much like a 23： if you smile upon it， it smiles back upon you； but if you 24 and look doubtful on it， you will get a similar look 25. Inner sunshine warms not only the heart of the owner， but 26 all that come in 27 with it. “Who 28 love out， in turn shall be shut from love.”
If I were a boy again， I would school myself to say “No” oftener. I might underline the importance of 29 very early in life to gain that point 30 a young boy can stand straight， and decline doing an unworthy act because it is unworthy.
If I were a boy again， I would 31 of myself more courtesy towards my companions and friends， 32 indeed towards strangers as well. The smallest courtesies along the 33 roads of life are like the little birds that sing to us all winter long， and make that season of ice and snow more 34.
Finally， 35 trying hard to be happy， as if that were the sole purpose of life， I would， if I were a boy again， try still harder to make others happy.
16. A. fragileB. delicate
C. gentleD. elegant
17. A. borrowB. fetch
C. makeD. take
18. A. exceedsB. excels
C. excludesD. involves
19. A. riseB. arise
C. raiseD. arouse
20. A. absenceB. presence
C. senseD. occurrence
21. A. bestB. worst
C. leastD. most
22. A. cheerfulB. thoughtful
C. awfulD. awesome
23. A. shelfB. mirror
C. lakeD. surface
24. A. frownB. sign
C. waveD. bounce
25. A. in turnB. in return
C. in conclusionD. in brief
26. A. forB. of
C. atD. to
27. A. companyB. contact
C. cooperationD. conjunction 28. A. pushesB. shuts
C. drivesD. puts
29. A. risingB. arousing
C. gettingD. leaving
30. A. thatB. which
C. whenD. where
31. A. demandB. desire
C. thinkD. remind
32. A. insteadB. but
C. andD. therefore
33. A. toughB. rough
C. smoothD. steep
34. A. affordableB. accessible
C. endurableD. available
35. A. instead ofB. other than
C. on the part ofD. as a result of
三、閱读理解（共15小题，每题2分，满分30分）
A
Let Kids with Cancer Be Kids Again！
We care about the needs of kids with cancer
Camp quality originated in 1983 in Sydney， Australia. The camp was created to give kids with cancer and their family a place to interact with other children and have an extraordinary summer. Activities are designed with kids in mind such as swimming， fishing， arts and crafts， and even the beloved campfires.
Companions and volunteers
The safety of campers and staff is of top priority to Camp Quality Arkansas. Each staff member is required to attend a training session. Within these sessions， each potential staff member gets to know the program and then a decision is made to decide whether he or she will fit best in the camp.
“In all of our volunteers we look for adults who can lead with their own actions and have a childlike spirit. This ability to have fun is essential to the success of the camp. While the companions work directly with the campers， we are always on the lookout for volunteers to fill the positions of RNs， certified lifeguards， photographers， and kitchen staff，” said Amber Dovel， volunteer coordinators at Camp Quality Arkansas.
A unique function of the camp is that for each kid a companion is assigned. A companion is a 24/7 reminder of “hope， courage， and happiness， not only during the week of camp， but all year round，” according to the official website.
Contact us
For more information visit www. Campqualityusa. org or contact Director， Chris Jennings at Chris. Jennings@camoqualityusa.org.
36. Training sessions are run to .
A. teach staff the skills needed to go camping
B. offer staff a chance to communicate with campers
C. help staff to choose a suitable camp program
D. inform staff of the safety standards during the week of campers
37. Whats the special of Camp Quality Arkansas？
A. It offers campers companion care beyond the week of camp. B. It welcomes adult staff with a childlike spirit.
C. It designs all kinds of activities for kids with cancer.
D. Its volunteers are from all walks of life.
B
The benefits of a better education are most often discussed in terms of personal gain： higher wages， greater economic mobility， and generally， a better life. But not all the benefits are private： Local economies flourish when there are more skilled and productive workers.
Thats the conclusion of the economists Eric A. Hanushek of Stanford， and Ludger Woessmann and Jens Ruhose of the University of Munich， whose new paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research takes a look at the financial return for states who invest in improving the quality of K12 education. They find that the payoff can be significant.
In order to figure out the economic impact of improving primary and secondary education， the economists look at the relationship between school quality （in the form of academic achievement and test scores） and human capital， which is the economic measure of workers total abilities， skill sets， and work quality. They argue that other measures， such as average years of schooling and educational attainment， are inadequate， largely because such assessments dont take into account the quality of schools and thus are blind to the actual quality of skills and competencies learned there.
Using data from other countries and from the National Assessment of Educational Progress， the authors built a model that predicts the economic effects of improving education. According to their model， if all students in the U.S. could be brought up to basic mastery as defined by NAEP， the U.S. GDP would increase by $32 trillion， or 14.6 percent. A more aggressive approach that brings all students up to the average test scores of the highestachieving states could boost GDP by $76 trillion over the next several decades. The authors note that in 2010， spending on K12 education by states and localities amounted to only about 4 percent of the total GDP， suggesting that the economic growth afforded by improvements in education would certainly outweigh the cost.
Of course， in some places getting students to even that basic level will be an enormous—and costly—challenge. The researchers acknowledge that proving cause and effect when it comes to education reform and economic productivity can be difficult， and that in turn can make reform a hard sell. Educational reform is a tricky endeavor that requires governments， families， and educators to agree upon change to the educational system， and then prioritize them. While education reform is often a statebystate decision， the ease of mobility for students and workers， and interdependence of states and their economies on each other， means that improving schools shouldnt just be a local issue， it should be a national one. 38. What does the NBERs new research paper look into？
A. The cost of primary and secondary education in the US.
B. Ten private achievements and educational cost.
C. The relationship between the financial return and educational cost.
D. The return of cost in reforming the educational system.
39. In education， the economists pay more attention to .
A. the financial return
B. the school quality
C. the educational attainment
D. the spending on schooling
40. How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed .
A. By using research findings
B. By analyzing causes
C. By making classifications
D. By describing phenomena
41. Which can be learn from the last paragraph？
A. Education reform promotes economic development.
B. Governments should account for education reform.
C. Education system is not difficult to change.
D. Education should be improved at the national level.
C
A study published earlier this month suggests that， in addition to making us feel connected with others， all those hugs may have prevented us from getting sick. You might think， like I did， that hugging hundreds of strangers would increase your exposure to germs. But the new research out of Carnegie Mellon indicates that feeling connected to others， especially through physical touch， protects us from stressinduced sickness. This research adds to a large amount of evidence for the positive influence of social support on health.
The researchers measured social support by giving out a questionnaire in which participants rated different statements. Then， they conducted interviews every night for two weeks to find out how often participants experienced conflict with others and how often they received hugs. Finally， the researchers infected participants with a common cold virus and observed what happened.
Several interesting results emerged. Encouragingly， people overall had a strong sense of social support， as shown by a high median score on the questionnaire. Similarly， they were more likely to be hugged than to experience conflict.
The most important results， however， were what the researchers deemed a “stressbuffering effect.” Keep in mind that interpersonal conflict can cause people a lot of stress and thereby weaken their immune systems. Yet regardless of how much conflict they endured， participants with a strong sense of social support developed less severe cold symptoms than those who felt socially deprived. Likewise， the more often people hugged， the less likely they were to get sick， even among individuals who frequently had tense interactions. In other words， both social support and hugging prevented against illness. Interestingly， in another study， researchers at UCLA （the University of California at Los Angeles） scanned participants brains while their romantic partners were receiving electric shocks next to them. If the participants held their partners hand during the experiment， their brain regions associated with fear attenuation were activated. This finding indicates that offering social support through physical touch better enabled them to cope with the stressful experience.
On the flip side， loneliness and having a small social network correspond with a lower antibody response to the influenza vaccine， compared to feeling a strong sense of social connection. Socially isolated patients with coronary artery disease have lower survival rates than socially connected patients， even after controlling for demographics， disease severity， and psychological distress.
Evidently， just as we prioritize exercise and nutrition， we ought to prioritize quality time with loved ones； just as we avoid unhealthy habits like smoking， we should make effort to avoid isolation and to counter social exclusion. And even if you dont want to hug hundreds of strangers （although I recommend trying it）， dont underestimate the healing power of touch.
42. What do people traditionally think of hugging strangers？
A. It is a good idea for communication.
B. It can help people win others trust.
C. It is effective in getting rid of shyness.
D. It may make people fall sick of overdone.
43. What does “stressbuffering effect” suggest？
A. Feeling socially supported may improve ones immune system.
B. A hug can reduce the chance of interpersonal conflict.
C. Hugging the people you dont like may cause conflict.
D. Stress management is very important in handling conflict.
44. We can learn from the UCLA study that .
A. electric shocks are able to lift our mood
B. stressful experiences can be got over by touching
C. socially isolated people are in constant need of care
D. physical touch can benefit the giver greatly
45. Which may be the best title of this article？
A. A Man Alone at Home Can Fall Ill
B. Many Friends Keep Us Healthy
C. Exercise Keeps Diseases Off Us
D. A Hug a Day Keeps Doctors Away
D
I was in my usual trouble when New Years Eve came around. It was time to assess the past year and， if there was something I felt needed improvement， to decide to do better. The familiar candidates came to mind： keep my office neat， stop procrastinating， and get organized. They were familiar because each year I made the same resolutions and each year I broke them. My office was still chaotic. I still waited until the last minute to do things， and “organization” has become a dirty word. I remembered hearing somewhere that the definition of “crazy” is “doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results”—exactly what I have been doing. My office was the evidence. There were piles of papers on my desk and more scattered on the carpet. The club chair I placed there for reading or for the convenience of an occasional guest was disabled in function. It was more of a magazine shelf， filled with so many back issues that there was no room to actually sit in it to read. My friends had to sit on the floor. It wasnt pretty. I assured myself I could—and would—finally clear it up. I would make my resolutions and stick to them！ But first I needed to go to the market before it closed for the holiday and then to the cleaners. I promised I would meet my friend later in the day. And somewhere in there I had to make time to work on the writing assignment I had accepted and whose deadline was racing uncomfortably close.
By the time I returned home， I barely had time to put everything away before getting dressed for the evening. My husband and I were going out for dinner with friends. “Lets go，” he called. “Its getting late.” I left many throwaway clothes on my bed and rushed out to the car. We came home after midnight. I was too tired to put my clothes away so I pushed them onto the bench at the foot of the bed， threw the bedspread over them， and crawled under the covers. I was asleep instantly. In the morning， on the first day of the New Year， I knew I was already in trouble. I took out my journal and wrote the same three resolutions. As I looked around， though， I realized I had already broken all of them. I closed the journal. What was the use？ I was overwhelmed by the resolutions. I would never follow them. It was too hard to change old habits. I took my cup of tea upstairs and apologized to my office. “Im sorry，” I told it. “I love you but I just cant keep you neat”.
I hated the pattern I had created for myself yet couldnt see my way out of it. In my guiltridden wanderings around the room， I brushed against the chair and some of the magazines fell to the floor. Underneath the chair， there was a book I had bought the year before. It was a howto book on getting organized. I said I would get around to reading it， but not surprisingly， I put it off and eventually forgot about it. Now I suddenly could not wait to read it. It helped me to see that I didnt need to do it all immediately. I could handle one small thing at a time. I could make a schedule and follow it. I could get organized！ I would start slowly. I could do one project each day instead of trying to do it all at once. I finally knew I could break the pattern. I ran for my journal and crossed out what I had written before. Then I wrote not three， not two， but one resolution. My only resolution this year is not to be crazy any more.
46. The underlined part “expecting different results” in Paragraph 2 indicates the author .
A. places great importance on the differences between results
B. hopes the results are different from what she expects
C. wants to do the same thing in different ways
D. is not satisfied with the result each time
47. When did the author finish the writing assignment？
A. During her meeting with her friend.
B. Before her shopping in the market.
C. After her return from the dinner.
D. In the morning of the second day.
48. On the first day of the New Year， the author felt .
A. guiltyB. excited
C. puzzledD. relieved
49. What can we learn about the howto book？
A. The author placed it on a magazine shelf.
B. It introduces the ways to keep her office neat.
C. The author hardly had time to read it.
D. It tells people how to do things effectively.
50. What does the passage mainly talk about？
A. The authors new plan in New Year.
B. The authors arrangement for her work.
C. The authors fight against her busy life.
D. The authors change in her attitude towards resolutions.
四、任務型阅读（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Sushi can have more calories than a Big Mac and fries
Sushi is no longer the sole preserve of the adventurous diner. These days， grabbing a pack for lunch is almost as common as picking up a cheese and pickle sandwich.
The Japanese dish can be bought from every major supermarket （where sales have risen a staggering 88 percent in the past two years）.
Indeed， the British sushi industry—of which Tesco has a 60 percent market share—is worth more than ￡56 million annually.
The main reason for its surge in popularity is its reputation as a healthy meal. Japanese women are among the healthiest in the world， while slender celebrities such as Victoria Beckham， Cheryl Cole and Keira Knightley are all fans of the raw fish dish.
But do sushis nutrition credentials—especially the Western version—stack up？ Not always， according to dietitian Rachel Beller. In her book Eat To Lose， Eat To Win， she says a “light lunch” of sushi may mean you overdose on calories and carbohydrates. “A typical sushi roll contains 290 to 350 calories and has the carbohydrate equivalent of twoandahalf to four slices of bread，” says Ms Beller.
“So a California roll （round rolled sushi， containing a small piece of fish and avocado plus fattymayonnaise） equals two sandwiches filled with crab sticks （processed fish that is flavoured and coloured to look and taste like crab）， a sliver of avocado and a tiny bit of veg.”
Bear in mind a sushi lunch contains two or three of these rolls， a total of up to 1，050 calories， and its easy to see how were conning ourselves that were enjoying a lowcalorie， healthy lunch.
Many of us believe eating sushi is a good way to get the Governments recommended two portions of fish each week， but heres the problem： most sushi contains very little protein， despite its expense.
Health experts say a portion of fish should weigh 140g， but on average， the fish in a California roll or piece of nigiri （rice with fish balanced on the top） weighs just 5g.
Youd need to eat 28 pieces of sushi to reach your 140g portion—or more， if you choose a mixed sushi box containing vegetarian varieties.
Even “fish” sushi boxes dont contain much. Marks
1. And isnt it amazing that by the time children are two or three years old they sentences together.
A. are stringingB. have strung
C. had strungD. will have strung
2. The continuous rain the sports meet， scheduled to be held this Wednesday， to next week.
A. set backB. set off
C. set outD. set aside
3. —Excuse me， is the convenience store open all around the clock？
—. Only from 7：00 am to 9：00 pm.
A. Im not sureB. Well， it depends
C. Thats rightD. Im afraid not
4. Getting the best out of yourself be difficult， but doing a little better is comparatively easier.
A. mustB. shall
C. canD. should
5. —What do you suggest we should do when we lose our way？
—.
A. Calling the police for help
B. Call the police for help
C. To call the police for help
D. Called the police for help
6. Lucky though he felt to attend the meeting， he didnt expect more from it.
A. askingB. to ask
C. to be askedD. being asked
7. The whale stayed upside down with her tail straight up for the entire 10 to 15 minutes when the researchers saw her， almost as if she it as a sail to hitch a ride with the wind.
A. usedB. was using
C. were usingD. uses
8. —Susan， your grandma will come to see you next Friday.
—Really？ Thank you so much for telling me.
A. These things happen！
B. Theres no panic.
C. So far so good.
D. Youve made my day！
9. People have long struggled to reproduce those results with dogs， in part because the canine （犬類的） reproductive cycle differs from of other mammals.
A. thatB. one
C. thoseD. it
10. Have you ever found yourself nervous while being asked questions in an interview or talking to a cute person you have a on.
A. crashB. crush
C. crackD. collision
11. Before closing the door to his office， he told his secretary that he was .
A. to not disturbB. not to disturb
C. to not be disturbedD. not to be disturbed
12. —Andy， the computer in your office cant be connected all the time. Why？
—Sorry， Mr. Miles. The service since last Friday.
A. has been stoppedB. has stopped
C. was stoppedD.had stopped
13. The pain of being alone motivates us to seek the safety of companionship， which benefits the species by encouraging group cooperation and protection. A. in returnB. in turn
C. in cycleD. in vain
14. He us into his carriage and we were off to his house for dinner.
A. loadedB. wrapped
C. satD. packed
15. The partnership will run until 2022 and promote is Alibabas first car business， is scheduled to be launched next year.
A. what； thatB. which； which
C. what； whichD. that； that
二、完形填空（共20小題；每小题1分，满分20分）
If I were a boy again， I would cultivate courage. “Nothing is so mild and 16 as courage， nothing so cruel and pitiless as cowardice，” says a wise author. We too often 17 trouble， and anticipate that may never appear. “The fear of ill 18 the ill we fear.” Dangers will 19 in any career， but 20 of mind will often conquer the 21 of them.
If I were a boy again I would look on the 22 side. Life is very much like a 23： if you smile upon it， it smiles back upon you； but if you 24 and look doubtful on it， you will get a similar look 25. Inner sunshine warms not only the heart of the owner， but 26 all that come in 27 with it. “Who 28 love out， in turn shall be shut from love.”
If I were a boy again， I would school myself to say “No” oftener. I might underline the importance of 29 very early in life to gain that point 30 a young boy can stand straight， and decline doing an unworthy act because it is unworthy.
If I were a boy again， I would 31 of myself more courtesy towards my companions and friends， 32 indeed towards strangers as well. The smallest courtesies along the 33 roads of life are like the little birds that sing to us all winter long， and make that season of ice and snow more 34.
Finally， 35 trying hard to be happy， as if that were the sole purpose of life， I would， if I were a boy again， try still harder to make others happy.
16. A. fragileB. delicate
C. gentleD. elegant
17. A. borrowB. fetch
C. makeD. take
18. A. exceedsB. excels
C. excludesD. involves
19. A. riseB. arise
C. raiseD. arouse
20. A. absenceB. presence
C. senseD. occurrence
21. A. bestB. worst
C. leastD. most
22. A. cheerfulB. thoughtful
C. awfulD. awesome
23. A. shelfB. mirror
C. lakeD. surface
24. A. frownB. sign
C. waveD. bounce
25. A. in turnB. in return
C. in conclusionD. in brief
26. A. forB. of
C. atD. to
27. A. companyB. contact
C. cooperationD. conjunction 28. A. pushesB. shuts
C. drivesD. puts
29. A. risingB. arousing
C. gettingD. leaving
30. A. thatB. which
C. whenD. where
31. A. demandB. desire
C. thinkD. remind
32. A. insteadB. but
C. andD. therefore
33. A. toughB. rough
C. smoothD. steep
34. A. affordableB. accessible
C. endurableD. available
35. A. instead ofB. other than
C. on the part ofD. as a result of
三、閱读理解（共15小题，每题2分，满分30分）
A
Let Kids with Cancer Be Kids Again！
We care about the needs of kids with cancer
Camp quality originated in 1983 in Sydney， Australia. The camp was created to give kids with cancer and their family a place to interact with other children and have an extraordinary summer. Activities are designed with kids in mind such as swimming， fishing， arts and crafts， and even the beloved campfires.
Companions and volunteers
The safety of campers and staff is of top priority to Camp Quality Arkansas. Each staff member is required to attend a training session. Within these sessions， each potential staff member gets to know the program and then a decision is made to decide whether he or she will fit best in the camp.
“In all of our volunteers we look for adults who can lead with their own actions and have a childlike spirit. This ability to have fun is essential to the success of the camp. While the companions work directly with the campers， we are always on the lookout for volunteers to fill the positions of RNs， certified lifeguards， photographers， and kitchen staff，” said Amber Dovel， volunteer coordinators at Camp Quality Arkansas.
A unique function of the camp is that for each kid a companion is assigned. A companion is a 24/7 reminder of “hope， courage， and happiness， not only during the week of camp， but all year round，” according to the official website.
Contact us
For more information visit www. Campqualityusa. org or contact Director， Chris Jennings at Chris. Jennings@camoqualityusa.org.
36. Training sessions are run to .
A. teach staff the skills needed to go camping
B. offer staff a chance to communicate with campers
C. help staff to choose a suitable camp program
D. inform staff of the safety standards during the week of campers
37. Whats the special of Camp Quality Arkansas？
A. It offers campers companion care beyond the week of camp. B. It welcomes adult staff with a childlike spirit.
C. It designs all kinds of activities for kids with cancer.
D. Its volunteers are from all walks of life.
B
The benefits of a better education are most often discussed in terms of personal gain： higher wages， greater economic mobility， and generally， a better life. But not all the benefits are private： Local economies flourish when there are more skilled and productive workers.
Thats the conclusion of the economists Eric A. Hanushek of Stanford， and Ludger Woessmann and Jens Ruhose of the University of Munich， whose new paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research takes a look at the financial return for states who invest in improving the quality of K12 education. They find that the payoff can be significant.
In order to figure out the economic impact of improving primary and secondary education， the economists look at the relationship between school quality （in the form of academic achievement and test scores） and human capital， which is the economic measure of workers total abilities， skill sets， and work quality. They argue that other measures， such as average years of schooling and educational attainment， are inadequate， largely because such assessments dont take into account the quality of schools and thus are blind to the actual quality of skills and competencies learned there.
Using data from other countries and from the National Assessment of Educational Progress， the authors built a model that predicts the economic effects of improving education. According to their model， if all students in the U.S. could be brought up to basic mastery as defined by NAEP， the U.S. GDP would increase by $32 trillion， or 14.6 percent. A more aggressive approach that brings all students up to the average test scores of the highestachieving states could boost GDP by $76 trillion over the next several decades. The authors note that in 2010， spending on K12 education by states and localities amounted to only about 4 percent of the total GDP， suggesting that the economic growth afforded by improvements in education would certainly outweigh the cost.
Of course， in some places getting students to even that basic level will be an enormous—and costly—challenge. The researchers acknowledge that proving cause and effect when it comes to education reform and economic productivity can be difficult， and that in turn can make reform a hard sell. Educational reform is a tricky endeavor that requires governments， families， and educators to agree upon change to the educational system， and then prioritize them. While education reform is often a statebystate decision， the ease of mobility for students and workers， and interdependence of states and their economies on each other， means that improving schools shouldnt just be a local issue， it should be a national one. 38. What does the NBERs new research paper look into？
A. The cost of primary and secondary education in the US.
B. Ten private achievements and educational cost.
C. The relationship between the financial return and educational cost.
D. The return of cost in reforming the educational system.
39. In education， the economists pay more attention to .
A. the financial return
B. the school quality
C. the educational attainment
D. the spending on schooling
40. How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed .
A. By using research findings
B. By analyzing causes
C. By making classifications
D. By describing phenomena
41. Which can be learn from the last paragraph？
A. Education reform promotes economic development.
B. Governments should account for education reform.
C. Education system is not difficult to change.
D. Education should be improved at the national level.
C
A study published earlier this month suggests that， in addition to making us feel connected with others， all those hugs may have prevented us from getting sick. You might think， like I did， that hugging hundreds of strangers would increase your exposure to germs. But the new research out of Carnegie Mellon indicates that feeling connected to others， especially through physical touch， protects us from stressinduced sickness. This research adds to a large amount of evidence for the positive influence of social support on health.
The researchers measured social support by giving out a questionnaire in which participants rated different statements. Then， they conducted interviews every night for two weeks to find out how often participants experienced conflict with others and how often they received hugs. Finally， the researchers infected participants with a common cold virus and observed what happened.
Several interesting results emerged. Encouragingly， people overall had a strong sense of social support， as shown by a high median score on the questionnaire. Similarly， they were more likely to be hugged than to experience conflict.
The most important results， however， were what the researchers deemed a “stressbuffering effect.” Keep in mind that interpersonal conflict can cause people a lot of stress and thereby weaken their immune systems. Yet regardless of how much conflict they endured， participants with a strong sense of social support developed less severe cold symptoms than those who felt socially deprived. Likewise， the more often people hugged， the less likely they were to get sick， even among individuals who frequently had tense interactions. In other words， both social support and hugging prevented against illness. Interestingly， in another study， researchers at UCLA （the University of California at Los Angeles） scanned participants brains while their romantic partners were receiving electric shocks next to them. If the participants held their partners hand during the experiment， their brain regions associated with fear attenuation were activated. This finding indicates that offering social support through physical touch better enabled them to cope with the stressful experience.
On the flip side， loneliness and having a small social network correspond with a lower antibody response to the influenza vaccine， compared to feeling a strong sense of social connection. Socially isolated patients with coronary artery disease have lower survival rates than socially connected patients， even after controlling for demographics， disease severity， and psychological distress.
Evidently， just as we prioritize exercise and nutrition， we ought to prioritize quality time with loved ones； just as we avoid unhealthy habits like smoking， we should make effort to avoid isolation and to counter social exclusion. And even if you dont want to hug hundreds of strangers （although I recommend trying it）， dont underestimate the healing power of touch.
42. What do people traditionally think of hugging strangers？
A. It is a good idea for communication.
B. It can help people win others trust.
C. It is effective in getting rid of shyness.
D. It may make people fall sick of overdone.
43. What does “stressbuffering effect” suggest？
A. Feeling socially supported may improve ones immune system.
B. A hug can reduce the chance of interpersonal conflict.
C. Hugging the people you dont like may cause conflict.
D. Stress management is very important in handling conflict.
44. We can learn from the UCLA study that .
A. electric shocks are able to lift our mood
B. stressful experiences can be got over by touching
C. socially isolated people are in constant need of care
D. physical touch can benefit the giver greatly
45. Which may be the best title of this article？
A. A Man Alone at Home Can Fall Ill
B. Many Friends Keep Us Healthy
C. Exercise Keeps Diseases Off Us
D. A Hug a Day Keeps Doctors Away
D
I was in my usual trouble when New Years Eve came around. It was time to assess the past year and， if there was something I felt needed improvement， to decide to do better. The familiar candidates came to mind： keep my office neat， stop procrastinating， and get organized. They were familiar because each year I made the same resolutions and each year I broke them. My office was still chaotic. I still waited until the last minute to do things， and “organization” has become a dirty word. I remembered hearing somewhere that the definition of “crazy” is “doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results”—exactly what I have been doing. My office was the evidence. There were piles of papers on my desk and more scattered on the carpet. The club chair I placed there for reading or for the convenience of an occasional guest was disabled in function. It was more of a magazine shelf， filled with so many back issues that there was no room to actually sit in it to read. My friends had to sit on the floor. It wasnt pretty. I assured myself I could—and would—finally clear it up. I would make my resolutions and stick to them！ But first I needed to go to the market before it closed for the holiday and then to the cleaners. I promised I would meet my friend later in the day. And somewhere in there I had to make time to work on the writing assignment I had accepted and whose deadline was racing uncomfortably close.
By the time I returned home， I barely had time to put everything away before getting dressed for the evening. My husband and I were going out for dinner with friends. “Lets go，” he called. “Its getting late.” I left many throwaway clothes on my bed and rushed out to the car. We came home after midnight. I was too tired to put my clothes away so I pushed them onto the bench at the foot of the bed， threw the bedspread over them， and crawled under the covers. I was asleep instantly. In the morning， on the first day of the New Year， I knew I was already in trouble. I took out my journal and wrote the same three resolutions. As I looked around， though， I realized I had already broken all of them. I closed the journal. What was the use？ I was overwhelmed by the resolutions. I would never follow them. It was too hard to change old habits. I took my cup of tea upstairs and apologized to my office. “Im sorry，” I told it. “I love you but I just cant keep you neat”.
I hated the pattern I had created for myself yet couldnt see my way out of it. In my guiltridden wanderings around the room， I brushed against the chair and some of the magazines fell to the floor. Underneath the chair， there was a book I had bought the year before. It was a howto book on getting organized. I said I would get around to reading it， but not surprisingly， I put it off and eventually forgot about it. Now I suddenly could not wait to read it. It helped me to see that I didnt need to do it all immediately. I could handle one small thing at a time. I could make a schedule and follow it. I could get organized！ I would start slowly. I could do one project each day instead of trying to do it all at once. I finally knew I could break the pattern. I ran for my journal and crossed out what I had written before. Then I wrote not three， not two， but one resolution. My only resolution this year is not to be crazy any more.
46. The underlined part “expecting different results” in Paragraph 2 indicates the author .
A. places great importance on the differences between results
B. hopes the results are different from what she expects
C. wants to do the same thing in different ways
D. is not satisfied with the result each time
47. When did the author finish the writing assignment？
A. During her meeting with her friend.
B. Before her shopping in the market.
C. After her return from the dinner.
D. In the morning of the second day.
48. On the first day of the New Year， the author felt .
A. guiltyB. excited
C. puzzledD. relieved
49. What can we learn about the howto book？
A. The author placed it on a magazine shelf.
B. It introduces the ways to keep her office neat.
C. The author hardly had time to read it.
D. It tells people how to do things effectively.
50. What does the passage mainly talk about？
A. The authors new plan in New Year.
B. The authors arrangement for her work.
C. The authors fight against her busy life.
D. The authors change in her attitude towards resolutions.
四、任務型阅读（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Sushi can have more calories than a Big Mac and fries
Sushi is no longer the sole preserve of the adventurous diner. These days， grabbing a pack for lunch is almost as common as picking up a cheese and pickle sandwich.
The Japanese dish can be bought from every major supermarket （where sales have risen a staggering 88 percent in the past two years）.
Indeed， the British sushi industry—of which Tesco has a 60 percent market share—is worth more than ￡56 million annually.
The main reason for its surge in popularity is its reputation as a healthy meal. Japanese women are among the healthiest in the world， while slender celebrities such as Victoria Beckham， Cheryl Cole and Keira Knightley are all fans of the raw fish dish.
But do sushis nutrition credentials—especially the Western version—stack up？ Not always， according to dietitian Rachel Beller. In her book Eat To Lose， Eat To Win， she says a “light lunch” of sushi may mean you overdose on calories and carbohydrates. “A typical sushi roll contains 290 to 350 calories and has the carbohydrate equivalent of twoandahalf to four slices of bread，” says Ms Beller.
“So a California roll （round rolled sushi， containing a small piece of fish and avocado plus fattymayonnaise） equals two sandwiches filled with crab sticks （processed fish that is flavoured and coloured to look and taste like crab）， a sliver of avocado and a tiny bit of veg.”
Bear in mind a sushi lunch contains two or three of these rolls， a total of up to 1，050 calories， and its easy to see how were conning ourselves that were enjoying a lowcalorie， healthy lunch.
Many of us believe eating sushi is a good way to get the Governments recommended two portions of fish each week， but heres the problem： most sushi contains very little protein， despite its expense.
Health experts say a portion of fish should weigh 140g， but on average， the fish in a California roll or piece of nigiri （rice with fish balanced on the top） weighs just 5g.
Youd need to eat 28 pieces of sushi to reach your 140g portion—or more， if you choose a mixed sushi box containing vegetarian varieties.
Even “fish” sushi boxes dont contain much. Marks