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【中圖分类号】G424.1
【文献标识码】B
【文章编号】2236-1879（2017）08-0006-02
Abstract： This paper tries to find out the sociolinguistic nature and its social significances of code-switching by analyzing the communication in university between students. The code-switching in university mainly includes three type such as， the code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialects， the code-switching between Chinese and English， the code-switching between daily dialogue and university catchwords. Each one will be presented one or two examples. After analyzing the cases， it will give the findings of nature and its social significances of code-switching.
Key words： code-switching； sociolinguistic； code-switching types； social significance
1Introduction
Code-switching is a term in sociolinguistics. It refers to the interactions of two languages of the same language users. To be exact， it is the alternate use of two or more languages， dialects or various styles or the conscious alternate use of two different languages in the same context or the alternate use of different language systems due to a party's taste and topics in talks （McCormick， 2001：447）.
Some scholars， for example， Shaffer （1978） has pointed out that code switching， which excludes the use of individual words but regards a phrase as a unit， is quite different from borrowing. DiPiefro （1976） thinks that code switching refers to the use of two or more languages in the process of verbal communicative behavior. Meanwhile， it is agreed by Ovardo and Collier （1985） that code switching is the alternate use of two languages， which can occur in words， phrases， clauses and sentences forms. Finally， linguists believe that code switching is the proficient bilingual scholars' creative use of languages.
This article aims to find out the sociolinguistic nature and its social significances of code-switching from analyzing some actual cases in university.
2Types of code-switching and some cases
Communicative group in university is different from the whole social group. For this group， students and teachers are its representatives in the aspect of its structure； while in the aspect of age structure， “young” is its label. All these natural properties determine that the code-switching in university has its own types and properties.
2.1The code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialects
Standard Chinese is the first “permit” for university communication. Almost every teacher and student can speak standard Chinese. However， they may be from different areas and have their own local dialects. Therefore， in the daily communication， there is a necessity of occurring code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialects. In fact， it widely exists in university and almost happens on any person. Case 1： There are three students who are form different provinces， two are from Shandong province， and the third one is from Jiangsu province. They are talking about last night sleep in dormitory.
Case 1：A： 夜來后航，俺睡冒装了，就从炕上起来，那时候屋里区黑，啥都看不见.（山东话）
B：是呗，你咋没睡着呢？
就在他俩谈论的时候另一个同学 说话了。
C：A 你刚才 说的是什么意思啊？（普通话）
A：我说我昨晚没睡着就起来，那时候屋里很黑，什么都看不见。（普通话）
B：（哈哈）笑着说，看来他没听懂我们说的方言啊！（普通话）
In this case， A and B are from the same area using the same dialects， so they can speak their own dialect to talk. However， C cannot understand their talk， because he is from southern area where the dialects are very different from the northern part. At that time， A and B must use standard Chinese to explain it. So， he switches Shandong dialect to standard Chinese. Therefore， the code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialect always occurs when there is a contact between people from different regions. So， the code-switching， just like a bridge， can help people from different regions to finish normal communications thus， establishing good relationship with other people.
2. 2The code-switching between Chinese and English
Firstly， English is the required course for almost everyone in university. To study English has become a trend in university， whether it is because of the force of passing the CET-4 and CET-6 or one’s willingness. Second， the globalization has increased the speed of English spread， which greatly influences the university and becomes one of university culture. Therefore， code-switching between Chinese and English is often seen in university. This kind of code-switching includes the switching between standard Chinese and English and local dialects and English.
Case 2： 两名河南籍学生小李和小琴 在操场上相遇。
小李：最近过的咋样？（河南话）
小琴：还中，可美，你咋样？（河南话）
留学生：Excuse me， could you please tell me the way to the laboratory？
小李：It’s in the red building over there.
留学生：Thank you
小李：You are welcome
（留学生转生离开）
小琴：英语不错嘛。（河南话）
小李：呵呵，不咋样。（河南话）
Case 3 宿舍里，好朋友小芳和小红因为一件小事闹的不愉快。
小芳：我觉得没做错什么。
小红：你是没有错，但是你有一点selfish。
In this case， we can see that Xiao Li and Xiao Qin are He Nan people so， when they meet each other， they usually speak their local dialect. But when the foreign student asked them questions， the participator changed and the so did the communicative topic， thus， the switching from the local dialect to English happened. After the foreign student left， they returned to the former dialect， changing from English to dialect. We can see that， the code-switching between Chinese and English always occurs when there is a need of using English to complete a communication behavior. Therefore， in my opinion， the code-switching depends on the situation in which the participator encounters and also their need. In other words， any change of participator， communicative situation and topic in communication can cause the occurrence of code-switching. The second case shows that the code switching can be used for expressing some severe words because it can mitigate the tone of speak. In this case， in order to save the face of friend， Xiao Hong used “selfish” instead of “自私”.she switched the code， which not only express her meaning but also save friend’s face. So， the code-switching can also be used for reflecting the social strategy. In contrast， when the code-switching occurs， it can also reflect the change of social situation. 2.3The code-switching between daily dialogue and university catchwords
When studying the language deviation， the sociolinguists always refer to the age factor， so age is a very important factor. In general， the dialects of new generation have many new words and the students in university are young and have a strong creative and imitation power. They have their own language with its special meaning， thus， forming the university catchwords. It is always used between students or limited in university.
Case 4： 在某男生宿舍内，大志和室友的对话。
大志：大学快四年了，还从未晒过月亮呢。（晒月亮：校园流行语，约会的意思）
室友：可能是你长得太抽象了。（抽象：校园流行语，难看的意思）
大志：哈哈。
Case 5： 小明和小伟在谈论上课睡觉的问题。
小明：唉，我就是个特困生，有啥办法。（特困生：校园流行语，意思是早上第一节课打瞌睡的学生。）
小伟：我和你一样，是个教皇。（教皇：校园流行语，意识是瞌睡的人）
小明：咱可要hold住了。（hold住：校园流行语，意思是坚持住。）
小伟：没事的，神马都是浮云啊。（神马都是浮云：校园流行语，意思什么都不值一提。）
In this case， they use the daily dialogue to talk but in their dialogue， there are some university catchwords. The speakers use the catchwords instead of daily words to express the meaning to reach an effect that they can make the dialogue in an atmosphere of relax and humor， so that the dialogue can not only pull close the distance between each other but also make them feel happy. Therefore， the code-switching between daily dialogue and university catchwords always occurs when the speakers try to use a more relax and humor way to not only finish the dialogue but also can make a good relationship with each other. In other words， the code-switching can reflect social mentality.
3Conclusions
From the above discussion， it may be concluded that code switching is not language interference on the basis that it supplements speech. Its sociolinguistic benefits have also been identified as a means of communicative solidarity， or affiliation to a particular social group. Nevertheless， code switching should be viewed from the perspective of providing a linguistic advantage rather than an obstruction in communication.
Furthermore， code switching allows a speaker to convey attitudes and other emotions with a method available to those who are bilingual and again serves to offer the speaker more advantages， which is just like boldfacing or underlining in a textual document to emphasize certain points.
Therefore， in the communication of university， the code-switching has its own features. Usually， the three types of code-switching can be seen every day in university. So， it has important social significances. Code-switching can reflect the social situation and mentality as well as the social strategy. Hoping this article can give a better understanding of code-switching in university.
References
[1]Auer P. ed. Code- switching in conversation Language interaction and identity. London and New York Routledge.1998.
[2]R.A Hudson. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge university press. 2010.
[3]Shafferd. 1978. The Place of Code-switching in Linguistic Contacts. In Paradis， M， ed. Aspects of Bilingualism USA Columbia： Hornbeam Press.
[4]何麗.日常会话中汉英语码转换内在动因的动态研究. 北京：北京交通学，2011.
[5]何自然，于国栋. 语码转换研究述评[J]. 现代外语，2001.
[6]姚姗姗. 语码转换：方法、功能、动因. 东北师范大学，2007.
【文献标识码】B
【文章编号】2236-1879（2017）08-0006-02
Abstract： This paper tries to find out the sociolinguistic nature and its social significances of code-switching by analyzing the communication in university between students. The code-switching in university mainly includes three type such as， the code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialects， the code-switching between Chinese and English， the code-switching between daily dialogue and university catchwords. Each one will be presented one or two examples. After analyzing the cases， it will give the findings of nature and its social significances of code-switching.
Key words： code-switching； sociolinguistic； code-switching types； social significance
1Introduction
Code-switching is a term in sociolinguistics. It refers to the interactions of two languages of the same language users. To be exact， it is the alternate use of two or more languages， dialects or various styles or the conscious alternate use of two different languages in the same context or the alternate use of different language systems due to a party's taste and topics in talks （McCormick， 2001：447）.
Some scholars， for example， Shaffer （1978） has pointed out that code switching， which excludes the use of individual words but regards a phrase as a unit， is quite different from borrowing. DiPiefro （1976） thinks that code switching refers to the use of two or more languages in the process of verbal communicative behavior. Meanwhile， it is agreed by Ovardo and Collier （1985） that code switching is the alternate use of two languages， which can occur in words， phrases， clauses and sentences forms. Finally， linguists believe that code switching is the proficient bilingual scholars' creative use of languages.
This article aims to find out the sociolinguistic nature and its social significances of code-switching from analyzing some actual cases in university.
2Types of code-switching and some cases
Communicative group in university is different from the whole social group. For this group， students and teachers are its representatives in the aspect of its structure； while in the aspect of age structure， “young” is its label. All these natural properties determine that the code-switching in university has its own types and properties.
2.1The code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialects
Standard Chinese is the first “permit” for university communication. Almost every teacher and student can speak standard Chinese. However， they may be from different areas and have their own local dialects. Therefore， in the daily communication， there is a necessity of occurring code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialects. In fact， it widely exists in university and almost happens on any person. Case 1： There are three students who are form different provinces， two are from Shandong province， and the third one is from Jiangsu province. They are talking about last night sleep in dormitory.
Case 1：A： 夜來后航，俺睡冒装了，就从炕上起来，那时候屋里区黑，啥都看不见.（山东话）
B：是呗，你咋没睡着呢？
就在他俩谈论的时候另一个同学 说话了。
C：A 你刚才 说的是什么意思啊？（普通话）
A：我说我昨晚没睡着就起来，那时候屋里很黑，什么都看不见。（普通话）
B：（哈哈）笑着说，看来他没听懂我们说的方言啊！（普通话）
In this case， A and B are from the same area using the same dialects， so they can speak their own dialect to talk. However， C cannot understand their talk， because he is from southern area where the dialects are very different from the northern part. At that time， A and B must use standard Chinese to explain it. So， he switches Shandong dialect to standard Chinese. Therefore， the code-switching between standard Chinese and local dialect always occurs when there is a contact between people from different regions. So， the code-switching， just like a bridge， can help people from different regions to finish normal communications thus， establishing good relationship with other people.
2. 2The code-switching between Chinese and English
Firstly， English is the required course for almost everyone in university. To study English has become a trend in university， whether it is because of the force of passing the CET-4 and CET-6 or one’s willingness. Second， the globalization has increased the speed of English spread， which greatly influences the university and becomes one of university culture. Therefore， code-switching between Chinese and English is often seen in university. This kind of code-switching includes the switching between standard Chinese and English and local dialects and English.
Case 2： 两名河南籍学生小李和小琴 在操场上相遇。
小李：最近过的咋样？（河南话）
小琴：还中，可美，你咋样？（河南话）
留学生：Excuse me， could you please tell me the way to the laboratory？
小李：It’s in the red building over there.
留学生：Thank you
小李：You are welcome
（留学生转生离开）
小琴：英语不错嘛。（河南话）
小李：呵呵，不咋样。（河南话）
Case 3 宿舍里，好朋友小芳和小红因为一件小事闹的不愉快。
小芳：我觉得没做错什么。
小红：你是没有错，但是你有一点selfish。
In this case， we can see that Xiao Li and Xiao Qin are He Nan people so， when they meet each other， they usually speak their local dialect. But when the foreign student asked them questions， the participator changed and the so did the communicative topic， thus， the switching from the local dialect to English happened. After the foreign student left， they returned to the former dialect， changing from English to dialect. We can see that， the code-switching between Chinese and English always occurs when there is a need of using English to complete a communication behavior. Therefore， in my opinion， the code-switching depends on the situation in which the participator encounters and also their need. In other words， any change of participator， communicative situation and topic in communication can cause the occurrence of code-switching. The second case shows that the code switching can be used for expressing some severe words because it can mitigate the tone of speak. In this case， in order to save the face of friend， Xiao Hong used “selfish” instead of “自私”.she switched the code， which not only express her meaning but also save friend’s face. So， the code-switching can also be used for reflecting the social strategy. In contrast， when the code-switching occurs， it can also reflect the change of social situation. 2.3The code-switching between daily dialogue and university catchwords
When studying the language deviation， the sociolinguists always refer to the age factor， so age is a very important factor. In general， the dialects of new generation have many new words and the students in university are young and have a strong creative and imitation power. They have their own language with its special meaning， thus， forming the university catchwords. It is always used between students or limited in university.
Case 4： 在某男生宿舍内，大志和室友的对话。
大志：大学快四年了，还从未晒过月亮呢。（晒月亮：校园流行语，约会的意思）
室友：可能是你长得太抽象了。（抽象：校园流行语，难看的意思）
大志：哈哈。
Case 5： 小明和小伟在谈论上课睡觉的问题。
小明：唉，我就是个特困生，有啥办法。（特困生：校园流行语，意思是早上第一节课打瞌睡的学生。）
小伟：我和你一样，是个教皇。（教皇：校园流行语，意识是瞌睡的人）
小明：咱可要hold住了。（hold住：校园流行语，意思是坚持住。）
小伟：没事的，神马都是浮云啊。（神马都是浮云：校园流行语，意思什么都不值一提。）
In this case， they use the daily dialogue to talk but in their dialogue， there are some university catchwords. The speakers use the catchwords instead of daily words to express the meaning to reach an effect that they can make the dialogue in an atmosphere of relax and humor， so that the dialogue can not only pull close the distance between each other but also make them feel happy. Therefore， the code-switching between daily dialogue and university catchwords always occurs when the speakers try to use a more relax and humor way to not only finish the dialogue but also can make a good relationship with each other. In other words， the code-switching can reflect social mentality.
3Conclusions
From the above discussion， it may be concluded that code switching is not language interference on the basis that it supplements speech. Its sociolinguistic benefits have also been identified as a means of communicative solidarity， or affiliation to a particular social group. Nevertheless， code switching should be viewed from the perspective of providing a linguistic advantage rather than an obstruction in communication.
Furthermore， code switching allows a speaker to convey attitudes and other emotions with a method available to those who are bilingual and again serves to offer the speaker more advantages， which is just like boldfacing or underlining in a textual document to emphasize certain points.
Therefore， in the communication of university， the code-switching has its own features. Usually， the three types of code-switching can be seen every day in university. So， it has important social significances. Code-switching can reflect the social situation and mentality as well as the social strategy. Hoping this article can give a better understanding of code-switching in university.
References
[1]Auer P. ed. Code- switching in conversation Language interaction and identity. London and New York Routledge.1998.
[2]R.A Hudson. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge university press. 2010.
[3]Shafferd. 1978. The Place of Code-switching in Linguistic Contacts. In Paradis， M， ed. Aspects of Bilingualism USA Columbia： Hornbeam Press.
[4]何麗.日常会话中汉英语码转换内在动因的动态研究. 北京：北京交通学，2011.
[5]何自然，于国栋. 语码转换研究述评[J]. 现代外语，2001.
[6]姚姗姗. 语码转换：方法、功能、动因. 东北师范大学，2007.