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【摘要】词汇和语法题是多年来高考英语中检测学生词汇和语法知识的重要题型。但2012年大纲全国卷(II)中第二节“语法与词汇知识”部分第11题的严谨性有值得探讨和商榷之处。语言使用的实际情况表明hardly/scarcely...than ...的搭配比比皆是。
【关键词】词汇与语法题 严谨性 hardly/scarcely...than ...
词汇与语法题是近几年高考中绝大部分省市和全国卷都在采用的一种题型,其目的在于考核学生对于词汇、短语、句型和语法知识的掌握和运用能力。基于此,试题的命制就必须要能真实反映英语语言在现实生活中的实际使用情况。
笔者在对近几年高考试题进行研读时,发现2012年大纲全国卷(II)中第二节“语法与词汇知识”部分第11题的严谨性有值得探讨和商榷之处。原题如下:
I had hardly got to the office ________ my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
A. when B. than C. until D. after
此题所给标准答案为选项A.when,该答案在此语境中的恰当性毋庸置疑。然而事实上选项B. than 也是符合英语语言的实际使用情况的。
此题之所以会设置这样的选项和只给定选项A一个答案,是有一定的原因的。长期以来国内中学英语教学界在平时的教学与备考中,教师反复强调hardly/scarcely … when(before) …,以及no sooner … than …这两个重点句型,它们使用语境相同且语义相当,即表示“一 …… 就 ……” 之意,且主句部分使用过去完成时态而从句部分使用一般过去时态,如果hardly/scarcely和no sooner置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。此外教师们还强调no sooner 不能和when/before 搭配, hardly/scarcely不可与than组合。故而学生对于这些句型了如指掌,此题的选A项的正答率很高。
这些所谓定律的形成很大程度上是基于国内出版的各种语法专著和教辅资料,比如:
1.“no sooner ... than ...和hardly/scarcely...when/before 这几个连词词组都是表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生,意为‘一……就……’:
He had hardly gone to bed when the door bell rang.
他刚刚睡下,门铃就响了。
No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.
他刚一下车,女儿就跑了过来。”
(徐广联,2010:810)
2.“hardly 可以与before, when 引导的状语从句连用,表示‘刚……就……’:
I had hardly/Hardly had I left home before/ when it began to rain heavily.
我刚出门就下起了大雨。”
(程中一,2003:168-169)
3.“No sooner ...than...和hardly...when...引导的从句表示‘一……就……’:
Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
我一进房间就听见一声巨响。”
(王建树,2006:243)
4.“No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears.
We had hardly sat down to supper when the phone rang.”
(张丙青,2009::284)
以上文献中无一例外都提到hardly/scarcely...when/before...和no sooner ...than...的用法,但均未提及hardly/scarcely...than ...的搭配。
然而,英语语言使用的实际情况却是hardly/scarcely … than … 这一搭配比比皆是,比如几本比较权威的词典就给出了如下解释和例句:
1.“(than) used especially after hardly, scarcely and no sooner, meaning when; as soon as:
Scarcely had I started to speak than he began to argue with me.
我刚一开始讲话他就同我争起来。”
(朗文词典,2004:1820)
2.“(than) used in expressions showing that one thing happens straight after another:
Hardly had we arrived than the problems started.
我们刚到,问题就来了。”
(牛津高阶词典,2004:1826)
3.“用于成语:no sooner [hardly/barely] … than 刚……就……
Hardly were the words uttered than he began to regret them.” (张道真,1994:1525)
4.“than 与hardly, scarcely 等连用等同于when[before]:
The baby girl had hardly seen the man than she cried.
那女婴一看到那男人就哭了起来。”
(简清国、林茂竹,1997:1546)
5.“[用于scarcely, hardly, barely 之后,表示时间]就:
We had scarcely arrived there than it began to rain.
我们刚到那里就下雨了。”
(新英汉词典,2000:1423)
再来看2012年全国卷(II)的第11题,此题的主从句的时态对应关系和语义情景完全符合以上诸多例句的情形,故而选B. than 是完全符合语境的,这也和英语的实际使用情形相一致。因此,此题有A. when 和B. than 两个答案,亦即证明这道题的严谨性不足。
参考文献:
[1]程中一.魔法英语高中易混词[M].郑州大学出版社,2003:168-169.
[2]朗文当代英语大辞典 Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture[M].商务印书馆,2004:1820.
[3]朗文当代英语大辞典 Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture[M].商务印书馆,2004:1820.
[4]牛津高阶英汉双解词典Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary[M].商务印书馆,2004:1826.
[5]王建树.专项无敌语法——高中英语[M].延边人民出版社,2006:243.
[6]徐广联.大学英语语法[M].华东理工大学出版社,2010:810.
[7]新英汉词典 A New English-Chinese Dictionary[M].上海译文出版she2000:1423.
[8]张丙青.未来英语——语法表解大全[M].人民日报出版社,2009:284.
[9]张道真.现代英语用法词典A Dictionary of Current English Usage[M].外研社,2009:1525.
作者简介:李永伟(1975.5-),男,陕西西安人,一级教师,文学硕士,研究方向:英语学习者用英语交流的意愿研究。
【关键词】词汇与语法题 严谨性 hardly/scarcely...than ...
词汇与语法题是近几年高考中绝大部分省市和全国卷都在采用的一种题型,其目的在于考核学生对于词汇、短语、句型和语法知识的掌握和运用能力。基于此,试题的命制就必须要能真实反映英语语言在现实生活中的实际使用情况。
笔者在对近几年高考试题进行研读时,发现2012年大纲全国卷(II)中第二节“语法与词汇知识”部分第11题的严谨性有值得探讨和商榷之处。原题如下:
I had hardly got to the office ________ my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
A. when B. than C. until D. after
此题所给标准答案为选项A.when,该答案在此语境中的恰当性毋庸置疑。然而事实上选项B. than 也是符合英语语言的实际使用情况的。
此题之所以会设置这样的选项和只给定选项A一个答案,是有一定的原因的。长期以来国内中学英语教学界在平时的教学与备考中,教师反复强调hardly/scarcely … when(before) …,以及no sooner … than …这两个重点句型,它们使用语境相同且语义相当,即表示“一 …… 就 ……” 之意,且主句部分使用过去完成时态而从句部分使用一般过去时态,如果hardly/scarcely和no sooner置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。此外教师们还强调no sooner 不能和when/before 搭配, hardly/scarcely不可与than组合。故而学生对于这些句型了如指掌,此题的选A项的正答率很高。
这些所谓定律的形成很大程度上是基于国内出版的各种语法专著和教辅资料,比如:
1.“no sooner ... than ...和hardly/scarcely...when/before 这几个连词词组都是表示主句和从句动作随即相继发生,意为‘一……就……’:
He had hardly gone to bed when the door bell rang.
他刚刚睡下,门铃就响了。
No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.
他刚一下车,女儿就跑了过来。”
(徐广联,2010:810)
2.“hardly 可以与before, when 引导的状语从句连用,表示‘刚……就……’:
I had hardly/Hardly had I left home before/ when it began to rain heavily.
我刚出门就下起了大雨。”
(程中一,2003:168-169)
3.“No sooner ...than...和hardly...when...引导的从句表示‘一……就……’:
Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
我一进房间就听见一声巨响。”
(王建树,2006:243)
4.“No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears.
We had hardly sat down to supper when the phone rang.”
(张丙青,2009::284)
以上文献中无一例外都提到hardly/scarcely...when/before...和no sooner ...than...的用法,但均未提及hardly/scarcely...than ...的搭配。
然而,英语语言使用的实际情况却是hardly/scarcely … than … 这一搭配比比皆是,比如几本比较权威的词典就给出了如下解释和例句:
1.“(than) used especially after hardly, scarcely and no sooner, meaning when; as soon as:
Scarcely had I started to speak than he began to argue with me.
我刚一开始讲话他就同我争起来。”
(朗文词典,2004:1820)
2.“(than) used in expressions showing that one thing happens straight after another:
Hardly had we arrived than the problems started.
我们刚到,问题就来了。”
(牛津高阶词典,2004:1826)
3.“用于成语:no sooner [hardly/barely] … than 刚……就……
Hardly were the words uttered than he began to regret them.” (张道真,1994:1525)
4.“than 与hardly, scarcely 等连用等同于when[before]:
The baby girl had hardly seen the man than she cried.
那女婴一看到那男人就哭了起来。”
(简清国、林茂竹,1997:1546)
5.“[用于scarcely, hardly, barely 之后,表示时间]就:
We had scarcely arrived there than it began to rain.
我们刚到那里就下雨了。”
(新英汉词典,2000:1423)
再来看2012年全国卷(II)的第11题,此题的主从句的时态对应关系和语义情景完全符合以上诸多例句的情形,故而选B. than 是完全符合语境的,这也和英语的实际使用情形相一致。因此,此题有A. when 和B. than 两个答案,亦即证明这道题的严谨性不足。
参考文献:
[1]程中一.魔法英语高中易混词[M].郑州大学出版社,2003:168-169.
[2]朗文当代英语大辞典 Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture[M].商务印书馆,2004:1820.
[3]朗文当代英语大辞典 Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture[M].商务印书馆,2004:1820.
[4]牛津高阶英汉双解词典Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary[M].商务印书馆,2004:1826.
[5]王建树.专项无敌语法——高中英语[M].延边人民出版社,2006:243.
[6]徐广联.大学英语语法[M].华东理工大学出版社,2010:810.
[7]新英汉词典 A New English-Chinese Dictionary[M].上海译文出版she2000:1423.
[8]张丙青.未来英语——语法表解大全[M].人民日报出版社,2009:284.
[9]张道真.现代英语用法词典A Dictionary of Current English Usage[M].外研社,2009:1525.
作者简介:李永伟(1975.5-),男,陕西西安人,一级教师,文学硕士,研究方向:英语学习者用英语交流的意愿研究。