19世纪末,对大多数医生来说“疾病的细菌理论”变得更为重要。最值得赞誉的是伟大法国微生物学家、化学家路易斯·巴斯德(公元1822-1895年)(图1)。他对微生物的研究奠定了工业微生物学和医学微生物学的基础,并开创了微生物生理学,进而在战胜狂犬病、鸡霍乱、炭疽病、蚕病等方面都取得了成果,并用一生的精力证明了三个科学问题:(1)每一种发酵作用都由一种微生物所导致,发现采用加热法可以杀灭那些让啤酒变苦令人烦恼的微生物。从而使“巴氏杀菌法”应用在各种食物和饮料上;(2)每一种传染病都由一种微生物在生物体内变化引起的;(3)传染病的微生物 At the end of the nineteenth century, “the theory of bacteria in disease” became even more important to most physicians. The most commendable is the great French microbiologist, chemist Luis Pasteur (AD 1822-1895) (Figure 1). His research on microorganisms has laid the foundation of industrial microbiology and medical microbiology and pioneered microbial physiology, which has made achievements in the fight against rabies, chicken cholera, anthrax, silkworm disease and so on, Scientific questions: (1) Each of the fermentations is caused by a single microorganism and found that the use of heating can kill the microbes that annoy the beer. So that “pasteurization method ” is applied to a variety of foods and beverages; (2) each of the infectious diseases are caused by a microbial in vivo changes; (3) infectious microorganisms