垃圾筒模型是企业内部的一种决策制定模式。这一模型最早是由美国管理学教授James March、Michael D.Cohen、Johan.G.Olsen等人于1972年提出的。该模型认为,企业员工面对一项决策时,会不断提出问题并给出相应的解决方案。这些方案实际上都被扔进了垃圾筒,只有极少数能够成为最终决策的组成部分。该模型指出:不管问题发生在何时何地,人们都会以此为机会,来实施他们早已选定的解决方法。这会影响到决策的制定过程和最终结果。该模型的另一特色,是将企业看作由一系列竞争性对策构成的集合体,随时等待着问题的出现。因此,在垃圾筒模型下,决策可视为问题、对策 The trash can model is a decision-making model within the enterprise. This model was first proposed by the American management professor James March, Michael D. Cohen, Johan. G. Olsen and others in 1972. The model believes that when employees face a decision-making, they will continue to raise questions and give the corresponding solutions. These programs are actually thrown into trash cans and only a handful can be part of the final decision. The model states that no matter where and when problems occur, people take this as an opportunity to implement the solutions they have already chosen. This will affect the decision-making process and the final result. Another feature of this model is that it treats the enterprise as an assembly of a series of competitive measures, waiting for the emergence of the problem at any time. Therefore, in the trash can model, decision-making can be regarded as a problem and countermeasure