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美国已在32×10~9m~2地面下进行了井工采煤,采动面积将逐渐扩大到162×10~9m~2(4百万公顷)。大多数开采作业是在美国东半部进行的。在没有实现全部采出的废弃矿井中,会发生顶板垮落、煤柱压酥以及煤柱压入较软的煤层底板或顶板岩层中的现象,以致在开采以后几十年甚至上百年出现陷落柱或下沉盆地。虽然全部采出时的地表下沉范围和大小可以精确预计,废弃矿井所引起的地表下沉无论是范围和幅度都无法预计。由于欧洲和美国在地质、开采及建筑物结构方面的差异,美国不能直接照搬工程方面的经验。地表建筑物破坏不能简单地归因于地表的拉伸和压缩变形,地表——建筑物之间的相互作用和建筑物构造引起的下沉破坏也起很大作用。
The United States has conducted underground coal mining at a depth of 32 × 10 ~ 9m 2, and the mining area will gradually expand to 162 × 10 ~ 9m ~ 2 (4 million hectares). Most mining operations are conducted in the eastern half of the United States. In abandoned mines that have not yet been fully recovered, roof caving, crushing coal pillars, and coal pillars pressing into softer coal seam floors or roof strata can occur in decades or even centuries after mining Column or sink basin. Although the surface subsidence range and size at the time of full production can be accurately predicted, the surface subsidence caused by abandoned mines can not be predicted both in scope and magnitude. Due to the differences in geology, mining and structure of buildings between Europe and the United States, the United States can not directly copy engineering experience. Damage to surface buildings can not simply be attributed to the stretching and compressive deformation of the Earth’s surface, nor does the surface-to-building interaction and subsidence damage caused by building construction play a significant role.