Abstract Water resources utilization degree and utilization pattern in a region largely determine the scale and speed of economic development in the region. The bottleneck of water resources has become one of the prominent problems affecting sustainable development and long term stability in Xinjiang. Strengthening the rational development and utilization of water resources is the only way to ensure the survival of Xinjiang oasis， stabilize the development space of Xinjiang， and ensure the sustainable development of economy and society. According to the water resources in Xinjiang， it is found that Xinjiang has abundant water resources， high per capita occupancy volume， uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources， and increasing water consumption per year. A series of corresponding effective measures have been given to provide reference for the strategy of water resources development and utilization.
　　Key words Xinjiang water resources; Natural resources; Economic resources; Status analysis; Countermeasures
　　 Water is an important part of natural resources and the main material basis for the structural composition and life activities of all living things. Globally， water is the link between all ecosystems， and natural ecosystems not only control the flow of water， but also promote the continuous purification and recycling of water. Therefore， water is of decisive significance in the natural environment for the survival of living things and human beings. As a basic natural resource and a strategic economic resource， water resources play an important role in economic and social sustainable development， maintaining ecological balance and beautifying the environment. China is a country with severe drought and water shortage. The total amount of fresh water resources is 2 800 billion m3， accounting for 6% of global water resources， second only to Brazil， Russia， the United States， Indonesia and Canada， ranking 6 th  in the world， but the per capita water amount is only 2 300 m3， only 1/4 of the world average， 1/5 of the United States， ranking only 121 st  in the world. China is one of the 13 countries with the worlds poorest water resources. After deducting the inaccessible flood turbulence and groundwater resources scattered in remote areas， the amount of fresh water resources available in China is even less， only about 1 100 billion m3， and the per capita water resource is about 900 m3. Furthermore， its distribution is extremely uneven. The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to water resources management. In 2011， the Central Committees Document No. 1 "Decision on Accelerating Water Conservancy Reform and Development" pointed out that strict water resources management should be taken as a strategic measure to accelerate the transformation of economic development. In response to the Party Central Committees strategic decision on water resources management， the State Council issued the "Opinions on Implementing the Strict Water Resources Management System" to comprehensively deploy and arrange the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system. In 2012， the Ministry of Water Resources launched the National Water Resources Monitoring Capacity Building Project to achieve dynamic real time monitoring on the large quantity water users with an annual water intake of surface water more than 3 million m3 and an annual water intake of underground water more than 500 000 m3 in industrial production and living， improve water resources monitoring capability， and gradually enhance the ability to support quantitative management of water resources and "Three Red Lines" supervision and examination. It is an urgent task for water resources management in Xinjiang to promote the implementation of the most stringent water resources management system and promote the rational development and utilization and conservation of water resources， so as to ensure the sustainable development of economy and society. At present， Xinjiang has built a total of 496 reservoirs （including the Corps） with a total storage capacity of 13.3 billion m3. The total length of irrigation channels is 350 000 km， of which 37% is for seepage control channels. 34 large scale irrigation areas have been built， with an irrigation area of 4.74 million hm2， and the water saving area is over 1.91 million hm2. A water conservancy project system mainly based on flood control， irrigation and water supply has been formed preliminarily. Summarizing and rethinking on the implementation of the water monitoring stations in the first phase project of Xinjiang Water Resources Monitoring Capacity Building （hereinafter referred to as the first phase project）， sorting out the existing problems， finding out the reasons and proposing specific countermeasures and solutions could provide reference for the second phase project of Xinjiang Water Resources Monitoring Capacity Building （hereinafter referred to as the second phase project）. 　　General Situation of Xinjiang Water Resources
　　Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region， abbreviated as Xin， is located in the central part of the Eurasian continent and in the northwestern border of China， with a total area of 1 664 900 km2， accounting for 1/6 of the total land area of the country， neighboring such eight countries as Russia， Kazakhstan， Kyrgyzstan， Tajikistan， Pakistan， Mongolia， India and Afghanistan. Its land border line is more than 5 600 km， accounting for 1/4 of the national land border. It is the largest province in China with the longest land border and the largest number of neighboring countries  （Fig. 1）.   Xinjiang is far from the sea， surrounded by high mountains， including glacial mountains， vast deserts， vast grasslands and dispersive oasis， and its topography can be summarized as "three mountains surrounding two basins"， with Altai Mountain in the north， Kunlun Mountain in the south and the Tianshan Mountain in the middle， which divide Xinjiang into two parts： the north and the south （the Tarim Basin in the south and the Junggar Basin in the north）. Customarily， the southern part of the Tianshan Mountains is called the southern Xinjiang， and the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains is called the northern Xinjiang. The Tarim Basin covers an area of 530 000 km2 and is the largest basin in China. Xinjiang is located in the hinterland of Eurasia， away from the ocean， with rare precipitation， dry climate and strong evaporation. It is a typical inland arid area. The shortage of water resources and the fragile ecological environment are its basic characteristics.
　　
　　 In 2013， the volume of surface water resources in Xinjiang was 90.09 billion m3， and the amount of groundwater resources was 56.13 billion m3. After deducting the double counted amount of surface water resources and groundwater resources， which was 51.09 billion m3， the total volume of water resources was 95.13 billion m3， which was 14.2% higher than the average， and increased by 5.2% compared with the previous year， so 2013 is a high flow year. Xinjiangs per capita water resource is 4 000 m3， which is twice the national per capita. However， the water production per unit area is only 253 000 m3/km2， ranking the third lowest in the country. Xinjiang has a typical continental arid climate with little precipitation and strong evaporation. The average precipitation is 155 mm， which is the last position among various provinces. From the analysis on the precipitation sequence in Xinjiang from 1961 to 2014 （Fig. 2）， the average annual precipitation in Xinjiang was 130.7 mm， and the rate was increasing at 0.97 mm/a （P<0.01）. Specific to each subarea， the average annual precipitation in northern Xinjiang， southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang was 173.0， 97.2 and 37.9 mm， respectively. The precipitation in southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang was lower than the average in Xinjiang. Among them， the eastern Xinjiang had the lowest annual precipitation， which was less than 1/3 of the average of Xinjiang， so the precipitation condition was seriously insufficient. In 2013， the annual precipitation in Xinjiang was  303.6  billion m3 （equivalent to the depth of precipitation of 184.7 mm）， which was 19.3% more than the long time average annual value and 1.2% more than the previous year. 2013 was a year with abundant precipitation. 　　
　　 At the end of 2013， the total storage capacity of various large and medium sized reservoirs in Xinjiang was 5.467 billion m3 （excluding the Corps）， which decreased by 136 million m3 compared with the end of the previous year. In 2013， the total water supply of various water conservancy projects in Xinjiang was 58.08 billion m3， of which the amount of surface water supply was 47.659 billion m3， the groundwater supply was 11.038 billion m3， and the quantity of reclaimed water was 111 million m3. Xinjiangs water conservancy projects replenished the ecological environment with a water volume of 405 million m3. In 2013， the total amount of waste water discharged from Xinjiang was 1 082.5 million t. Specifically， the discharge of waste water from urban residents was 385.9 million t， accounting for 35.6% of the total discharge of waste water; the discharge of waste water from the secondary industry was 597.8 million t， accounting for 55.2% of the total discharge of waste water; and the discharge of waste water from the tertiary industry was 0.988 billion t， accounting for 9.1% of total waste water discharge.
　　In 2013， 146 water functional zones in 170 key river sections of 66 major rivers in Xinjiang were monitored and evaluated. The total annual evaluation of the river length was 15 156 km， of which 13 922 km was in line with the surface water environmental quality standard of class III， accounting for 91.9% of the total evaluation of the river length， of which the river length of class I and II accounted for 85.8%; and the river length inferior to class III was  1 234  km， accounting for 8.1%， of which 683 km was inferior to class V， accounting for 3.1%.
　　Characteristics of Xinjiang Water Resources
　　Abundant total volume
　　Xinjiangs water resources are 90.09 billion m3 averagely， with a maximum of 111.31 billion m3 and a minimum of 75.4 billion m3. The extreme values are within the normal annual variation of the high and low flow years. The annual variation of water resources is not large， and the coefficient of variation of the inter annual variation of runoff is generally from 0.1 to 0.5 （Fig. 3）. According to the statistics of the rivers at the exit of the mountain from the Xinjiang Hydrological Station， there are 570 rivers in Xinjiang. The river runoff is 87.9 billion m3， of which the 18 rivers with annual runoff of more than 1 billion m3 have the total annual runoff of 52.6 billion m3， accounting for about 60% of the river runoff. There are 139 natural lakes with an area of more than 1 km2， having the total water area of about 5 500 km2， accounting for 7.3% of the total lake area in the country， ranking fourth in the country. The rivers in Xinjiang have a large river drop， and the total reserve of hydropower resources are 40.54 million kw， ranking fourth in the country. The rivers with annual runoff of nearly 1 billion m3 are shown in Table 1. 　　
　　 There are 33 international rivers in Xinjiang， of which 12 are flowing out of the border， 15 are flowing into China， and 6 are boundary rivers. There are 18 600 glaciers， and the glacier reserve is 2.83 trillion m3， accounting for 49.5% of the countrys glacial reserve. The precipitation is relatively abundant in mountainous areas， which are the runoff formation areas of many rivers. The precipitation is less in the desert areas where the evaporation is strong and the precipitation only replenish groundwater at small quantities， and rarely forms and does not form surface runoff， so the desert areas are runoff loss zones and no flow zones. From 1961 to 2014， it can be seen from the spatial distribution of annual precipitation in Xinjiang that the annual precipitation in northern Xinjiang was generally higher than that in southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang， and the annual precipitation gradually decreased from north to south and from west to east.
　　Unbalanced temporal and spatial distribution
　　The climate in Xinjiang is dry and the rainfall is scarce. The spatial and temporal distribution of water resources is extremely uneven. With the increase of population and the increase of irrigated area， the amount of water introduced by Xinjiang has increased greatly， which has occupied the ecological water supply and made the water supply seriously insufficient. Especially in the economically developed north slope of the Tianshan Mountains， economic development has surpassed the productivity of local water resources， and the Tarim River Basin is at the expense of the quality of the ecological environment. The main problems are the two expansions and the three reductions. The two expansions refer to the expansion of desertification and the expansion of the secondary saline alkali area of the irrigation area， and the three reductions are the reduction of rivers， the reduction of natural playgrounds and the reduction of natural forest land. The water resources in Xinjiang are unevenly distributed throughout the year. The snow in the mountains is melted and supplied to rivers and lakes， and the amount of incoming water is greatly affected by seasonality. The inter annual variation of river flow is stable， while the distribution is extremely uneven during the year. Spring accounts for 10% to 20% of the annual water; summer accounts for 50% to 70%; autumn accounts for 10% to 20%; and winter accounts for less than 10%. It has the characteristics of "spring drought， summer flood， autumn shortage and winter dryness". The largest proportion of spring water in Xinjiang is the mountainous rivers in the west of Junggar， which are mainly supplied by seasonal snow melt water. The spring water accounts for 45%-50% of the annual water volume， and the Kunlun mountain rivers mainly replenished by mountain glacier account for the smallest proportion in spring， lower than 10% of the annual water volume.  The spring water volume contributes to the irrigation of crops， but spring drought happens at a high frequency due to the small  amount  of water. Most of the rivers are short and have small  amounts  of water. There are 487 rivers with annual runoff of less than 100 million m3， accounting for about 9% of the total runoff. Affected by the inter annual variation rate of annual precipitation， the annual runoff of the mountainous rivers in the northern mountainous areas of Xinjiang and the eastern Tianshan Mountains varies greatly over years， while the annual runoff of rivers in the western and central Tianshan Mountains and Kunlun mountains has a relatively small inter annual change. 　　The consumption increasing year by year
　　The total volume of water resources in Xinjiang is relatively stable， with a small inter annual variation. However， with the increase of Xinjiangs population and economic development， the annual water consumption has increased year by year. In addition to the increasing trend of the total volume of water， the water consumption of each structure item has also increased year by year， as shown in Table 2. It can be seen from Table 2 that from 2005-2013， the total water supply of various water conservancy projects in Xinjiang has been increasing year by year， and the annual consumption of the primary industry， which accounts for about 90% of the total water consumption， is increasing， reflecting that there are still some possible improvements in the main irrigation water of agriculture. Although the proportion of industrial water in total water consumption is not large， its consumption is increasing year by year. With the continuous development of Xinjiangs industrial economy， water consumption will increase day by day. Therefore， it is necessary to adopt industrial water saving measures as soon as possible. In 2015， the total water supply in Xinjiang was 57.719 billion m3， of which the surface water supply was 45.88 billion m3， the groundwater source supply was 11.941 billion m3， and the water supply of other water sources was 90 million m3. In 2015， the total water consumption was 57.719 billion m3， of which the water consumption of agriculture was 54.644 billion m3， the industrial water consumption was 1.18 billion m3， the domestic water consumption was 1.316 billion m3， and the ecological environment water was 580 million m3.
　　The current degree of water resources development and utilization in Xinjiang has reached 69.4%， and specifically， those in eastern Xinjiang， southern Xinjiang and northern Xinjiang are  96.42% ， 84.74% and 52.35%， respectively. The exploitation rate of groundwater in Xinjiang is 79.09%. Specifically， the exploitation rate in eastern Xinjiang is as high as 139.45%， which means serious regional over exploitation， and those in northern Xinjiang and southern Xinjiang are 112.20% and 53.15%， respectively. Xinjiangs water resources are generally over utilized. The surface water resources in the northwestern part of Xinjiang are 73.75 billion m3， accounting for 93% of Xinjiangs surface water resources， while those in the southeast part only account for 7%. Yili and Altay are the regions with the most abundant surface water resources in Xinjiang， while Urumqi， Hami and Turpan are most scarce in water resources. The special geographical environment of Xinjiang determines the uneven distribution of water resources. Geographically， surface water and groundwater resources in Yili and Altay are abundant （only surface water in these two areas reaches 1.38 billion m3/year， accounting for about one third of Xinjiang）， far greater than the development needs of the region， and the development and utilization degree of water resources is relatively low. However， the surface water and groundwater resources in Turpan and Hami are relatively insufficient. Due to the development of local industries， there has been a situation in which demand exceeds supply， and the development and utilization degree of water resources is relatively high. In terms of time， the seasonal changes in surface water resources are very different. The annual flooding volume accounts for more than 80% of the annual water volume， which brings great difficulties for scientific and efficient use of water resources. 　　Strong evaporation and abundant sunshine
　　The average annual evaporation in Xinjiang is about 2 000- 2 500  mm. Specifically， the evaporation in northern Xinjiang and southern Xinjiang is 1 500-2 000 and 2 000-3 400 mm， respectively， and that of the eastern Santanghu Lake and Naomao Lake can reach more than 4 000 mm. The annual evaporation in the mountainous areas of northern Xinjiang is mostly below 1 000 mm， and that in the mountainous area in southern Xinjiang is below  2 000 mm.  The geographical distribution of evaporation in various regions is large in southern Xinjiang and small in northern Xinjiang， large in the eastern part and small in the western part， large in plains and small in mountain areas， and larger in the abdomens of basins than the edges of basins， and larger in windy areas than the less windy areas. In the whole year， the evaporation in spring and summer is the strongest， and the amount in such five months from April to August is more than 70%. Xinjiang basin and plain areas are rich in light and heat resources， and the annual total solar radiation is second only to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The annual sunshine hours reach 2 550-3 500 h. The regional distribution characteristics are slightly decreasing from north to south， increasing from west to east， decreasing from the basins to the mountainous region of northern Xinjiang， and an increasing trend in southern Xinjiang. The maximum sunshine in a year is in July， and the shortest occurs in December or January. From the analysis of the evaporation sequence in Xinjiang from 1961 to 2014  （Fig. 4） ， it can be seen that the average annual evaporation in Xinjiang was 109.8 mm， and the rate was increasing at 0.7 mm/a （P<0.01）. Specific to each subareas， the annual evaporation averages of northern Xinjiang， southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang were 141.4， 116.7 and 122.6 mm， respectively. The evaporation in northern Xinjiang， southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang was all higher than the average in Xinjiang， and northern Xinjiang had the highest annual evaporation， which was 1.29 times of that of Xinjiang.
　　
　　Problems in the Development and Utilization of Water Resources
　　Water resource environment deterioration
　　Due to various factors including disorder large scale exploitation of land， not high water efficiency of industrial projects， low cost of water and not strong awareness of water saving， Xinjiangs water resources are over exploited and utilized. In recent years， Xinjiangs economic and social water consumption has exceeded the appropriate standard of 60% of water resources proposed in the Xinjiang Water Resources Comprehensive Planning. Large scale land reclamation in the upper reaches of rivers leads to the removal of a large amount of river water， which reduces the amount of downstream water， shortens the flow， and even causes a current cut in some rivers. The Tarim River Basin was cut off from the Daxihaizi reservoir in 1972， and the river channel was shortened by 320 km. The perennial flow of the Keriya River has been shortened by 105 km. In the 1950s， the total area of lakes in Xinjiang was 8 800 km2; and in the late 1980s， it was 5 550 km2， showing a decrease of 37.5%， and the average annual reduction was as much as 30 km2. The Lake Aibi has been reduced by nearly half from 1 070 km2 in 1957 to 500-550 km2 today. The rivers are shortened， the ecological environment in the downstream areas is deteriorating， and the river cut off sections move to the oasis areas， which changes the natural water salt balance， which increases the salt accumulation of the soil and the mineralization of the groundwater， resulting in soil salinization. While accelerating water conservancy development， the protection of the ecological environment is often neglected. The economic and social water squeezes the ecological water， causing water and soil imbalance. As a result， the water environment is deteriorated， and the natural vegetation declines. 　　Water pollution is not effectively and timely controlled
　　In the past 50 years， with the intensification of human activities， most of the mountain runoff has been introduced into the oasis， and a large amount of harmful substances in the oasis have not been brought out by enough water. Generally， harmful substances in the oasis， are introduced more， and carried out less， or only taken in without being carrying out， which means there is no complete drainage system. Combined with the cutoff of downstream river channels and continuous shrinking or even drying of lakes， the environmental quality inside and outside the oasis is getting worse.
　　Xinjiang is now in the initial stage of industrialization and urbanization. The discharge of industrial wastewater does not meet the national wastewater discharge standards. The increase of urban population has led to a gradual increasing trend in domestic sewage. Industrial wastewater and urban domestic sewage have caused different levels of pollution to groundwater （Table 3）.  The discharge of industrial wastewater in urban and suburban areas is very large， accounting for almost 60% of Xinjiangs wastewater discharge. Since wastewater treatment equipment and technology have not met the required standards， after the wastewater is discharged into rivers and lakes， the chemical oxygen consumption of harmful substances， ammonia nitrogen， biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids have an impact on water bodies， causing different degrees of pollution to rivers and lakes. Another reason for river water pollution is the high salinity drainage of farmland. After small rivers come out from mountains， almost all the river water is introduced into irrigation areas; and for large rivers， some of the water is still discharged to the plain areas after the introduction into irrigation areas， and a large amount of farmland drainage is accepted along the way. With the large increase in the area of farmland， the amount of water coming from the upstream is gradually decreasing， and the amount of water discharged from the farmland is gradually increasing， resulting in the accumulation of salt in the water. Together with evaporation and concentration， the salinity of the water is getting higher and higher. For example， the main stream of the Tarim River is basified due to the discharge of high salinity water from the source and upstream stream.
　　Serious over exploitation of groundwater in local areas 　　The main areas with groundwater decline are mainly distributed in the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains and the Turpan-Hami Basin. Most of the surface water-groundwater in these areas has undergone three conversions and utilization， and the water quality has deteriorated severely. The development and utilization of groundwater is mainly concentrated in Urumqi， Shihezi， Changji and Turpan-Hami Basin in the northern Xinjiang region， and the exploitation quantity accounts for 68% of the total in Xinjiang. The groundwater extraction in these prefectures is close to or greater than the local exploitable amount. However， the groundwater is shallow in southern Xinjiang where the amount of groundwater exploitation is small and the secondary salinization of the soil is serious. Most of the 20.8 billion m3 of ineffective or low efficiency phreatic water evaporation in Xinjiang is distributed in the five prefectures of southern Xinjiang. The scale of groundwater exploitation is small， failing to solve seasonal water shortages and fully utilize the function of underground reservoirs， which is another cause of engineering water shortage.
　　Prominent water contradiction
　　Despite the shortage of water resources in Xinjiang， people are not aware of the value of water resources， and the phenomenon of water wastage is serious. The phenomenon of flooding in the process of agricultural irrigation is everywhere in many places. In 2010， the total economic and social water supply in Xinjiang was 53.508 billion m3 （41.108 billion m3 in Xinjiang; 12.4 billion m3 in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps）， of which 49.595 billion m3 was used for agricultural irrigation. In 2010， the per capita water consumption in Xinjiang was 2 453 m3， the water consumption per 10 000 yuan of GDP was 984 m3， the water consumption per 10 000 yuan of industrial added value was 59 m3， and the average water consumption of farmland was 9 225 m3/hm2; and the effective utilization rate of canal water was only 0.52， and the effective utilization rate of agricultural irrigation water was 0.485. Xinjiangs agricultural water consumption accounts for about 70% of the total water consumption， and some areas may reach more than 90%. The proportion of water used in the industry is seriously out of balance， and the waste is quite serious. Agricultural water is used by broad irrigation， and gross irrigation norm can reach  22 500  m3/hm2， and the waste of industrial and domestic water is also very serious. In many areas， the water consumption per  10 000  yuan of industrial output value can reach more than  400 m3 . Due to the competition between the socio economic system and the eco environment system， the water consumption of the socio economic system has increased year by year， and the corresponding ecological environment water has been misappropriated. In the past more than half a century， the basic characteristics of Xinjiangs natural ecological evolution have shown "two expansions and one reduction"， that is， the desert and the oasis are expanding at the same time， and the transition zone between the desert and the oasis is decreasing. In the oasis area， the artificial oasis has expanded in size， while the natural oasis has been shrinking. Due to the large amount of ecological water being misappropriated， the oasis vegetation community is evolving from hygrophytes and mesophytes to xerophytes， super xerophytes and halophytes， and psammophytes， intensifying the decline of desert forests and desert grasslands. 　　Frequent floods and droughts
　　In 2013， the climate in Xinjiang was abnormal， and floods and droughts occurred alternately in the north and south. Overall， flood disasters are severer than drought disasters. According to the statistics of the Office of Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters of the Autonomous Region， in 2013， a total of 331 500 people in 50 counties （cities， districts） were affected， 4 people died due to disasters， and 5 980 houses were collapsed; the area of crops affected was 28 000 hm2， and the 11 090 animals were killed. The flood disaster caused direct economic losses of 813 million yuan， of which the economic loss of water conservancy facilities was 237 million yuan （excluding the Corps data）. In the spring and summer of 2013， due to the large amount of water coming from the main rivers， the drought stricken area in spring was significantly less than that in the same period over the years. The drought area of crops in Xinjiang was 173 000 hm2， and the area affected by the disaster was 11 500 hm2， of which 1 100 hm2 suffered from total crop failure. The drought affected area is mainly concentrated in the Bazhou， Aksu， Kashi and Hotan areas. According to statistics， in 2013， 10 300 people and 109 000 large animals suffered from water shortage due to drought. The loss of food crops was  284 700 t ， and the total direct economic loss due to drought was 1.076 billion yuan （excluding the Corps data）.
　　Experience and Advices
　　Formulating scientific and rational water resources utilization planning
　　At present， the excessive exploitation and utilization of water resources in Xinjiang has seriously threatened the sustainable development of regional economic and social development. It is necessary to adhere to the development strategies of "giving priority to environment， building ecological zones" and "two sustainable development"， so as to firmly establish the concept that water resources is the lifeline of the survival and sustainable development of Xinjiang oasis， to strengthen publicity and education， to raise the awareness of water conservation in the whole society， and to vigorously promote water saving society construction.
　　First of all， we should do a good job in the overall water conservancy planning of Xinjiang and water management and water use planning in each basin， rationally develop water resources， and insist on the unified consideration and unified deployment of surface water and groundwater and optimal allocation of water resources. Through planning and coordination， we will resolve the contradiction between production water utilization， ecological water utilization and water utilization in various industries. 　　Secondly， it is necessary to do a good job in the unified management planning and regional level to level management planning of water resources in various river basins according to local conditions. According to the social， economic development and ecological environmental protection objectives of each river basin， the existing watershed planning should be timely supplemented and revised， and the overall planning of key river basins such as the Tarim River Basin， the Aibi Lake Basin and the Urumqi River Basin should be formulated as soon as possible. Furthermore， the river basin planning can be fixed in the legal form as a system， and can then be implemented and supervised according to the law， to promote the sustainable use of water resources in the basin.
　　Thirdly， in view of the water resources conditions and the level of industrial and agricultural economic development in different regions of the basin， on the basis of ensuring sufficient water supply in the downstream， it is necessary to formulate the water consumption and water quotas applicable to different regions in a certain period of time， which can be fixed into laws and regulations after demonstration， to stipulate the intensity and level of water resources development in various regions. By such， the disorder and serious waste of water resources development in the whole basin can be effectively contained， thereby alleviating the water shortage trend in the downstream areas.
　　Fourthly， cross basin water diversion and long distance water diversion can be adopted. The temporal and spatial distribution of water resources in Xinjiang is extremely uncoordinated， which limits the development of water deficient areas to some extent. In order to alleviate this situation， cross basin water diversion and long distance water diversion are particularly necessary. Cross basin diversion and long distance water diversion can greatly improve the uneven distribution of water resources. Inter basin diversion and long distance water diversion can play a role in alleviating the problems of drought stricken areas in Xinjiang， and can alleviate the overexploitation of groundwater. The demand for water resources for the socio economic and ecological environment sustainable development in areas where water resources are output should be fully studied to determine the supply amount， and then， the output water resources can be transferred to the water receiving areas for storage and utilization. This part of the water volume not only improves the renewability of water resources， but also contributes greatly to the economic and ecological development of the water receiving areas. 　　Strengthening the protection of water resources
　　Water is the source of life， the key to production， and the foundation of ecology. It plays an important strategic position in the national economy and national security. As Xinjiangs economic development mode has not been fundamentally changed， coupled with the impact of global climate change and industrialization and urbanization， water shortage， serious water pollution and deterioration of water ecological environment have become increasingly prominent. In the next few years， it will be the key period with the most prominent contradiction between water supply and demand in Xinjiang， as well as the most urgent key period for the transition of water use. Strengthening the conservation and protection of water resources is not only a strategic measure to solve the problem of water shortage in Xinjiang， but also an important means to ensure the sustainable development of water resources in the autonomous region and achieve harmony between people and water.
　　Firstly， it is necessary to improve the management level and technical level of water pollution prevention and control， implement the total pollutant discharge control system， clarify the responsibility system for water resources protection targets at all levels of government， enterprises and institutions， and improve water pollution prevention laws and regulations. The law enforcement efforts for environmental protection can thus be strengthened. Sewage discharge should be implemented in accordance with the law， and the illegal activity of discharging sewage exceeding the standards should be strictly investigated and dealt with. Enterprise units that fail to meet the sewage treatment standards are resolutely not allowed to operate， and the standards of sewage treatment of enterprises can be increased. Enterprises and responsible persons who do not meet the standard discharge of sewage according to the corresponding laws and regulations should be severely punished.
　　Secondly， it is necessary to strengthen supervision， improve sewage treatment capacity， and promote technological transformation and industrial upgrading. Clean production can be vigorously promoted， to enhance the companys technology and green technology content. Water consuming and backward technology products and industries should be weeded out， and the emissions of source pollutants should be reduced.
　　Thirdly， it is necessary to improve the utilization of water resources. Xinjiang can properly construct sewage treatment plants. Relevant departments should strictly control the discharge standards of industrial wastewater， and then recycle the wastewater to improve the treatment rate of urban and rural industrial wastewater and urban sewage and make full use of the reclaimed water in industrial cooling， agricultural irrigation， urban and rural greening， etc.， thereby partially alleviating the shortage of water in  Xinjiang. 　　Fourthly， it is necessary to promote the further improvement of sewage treatment technology. The government can properly operate the sewage treatment plant through the market. In the case of specifying the sewage treatment rate （the ratio of recovered sewage to the amount of water obtained after treatment）， the amount of the treated water or the obtained reclaimed water is compensated according to certain rules， and the market price of the reclaimed water can be appropriately promoted， so that the sewage treatment plant can truly survive， profit， and develop sewage treatment technology.
　　Strengthening the building of water resources monitoring capacity
　　Water is the foundation of survival， the source of civilization， and the foundation of ecology. Water security is a major event involving the long term stability of the country. In 2016， the "Thirteenth Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the Peoples Republic of China" approved by the 12 th  National Peoples Congress at its fourth session clearly stated that "the most stringent water resources management system should be implemented. The high efficient utilization mechanism of resources should be established and improved. Dual control actions on the total amount and intensity of water consumption should be implemented， to strengthen target responsibilities and improve market regulation， standard control and assessment". The first phase project of Xinjiang Water Resources Monitoring Capacity Construction has many monitoring stations in wide distribution， which are difficult to construct. During the project， many problems arise， such as inappropriate site selection， improper measurement facilities， complex site environment and difficult coordination and inconvenient operation and maintenance. In order to promote the smooth progress of the second phase project， it is recommended to do the work as below.
　　The construction management of the second phase project of Xinjiang Water Resources Monitoring Capacity Construction will  adopt the  "1+1" management model. The first "1" is the implementation of the "four unification" management by the Project Office of the Water Resources Department， that is， unified organization design， supervision， acceptance check， and unified technical standards. The second "1" is the determination of the main unit  of the  construction of the construction project by the Water Resources Bureau. The construction contract is determined through bidding， and the construction and implementation are directly unified. The construction funds are directly decomposed into the prefecture， and the construction work is organized and completed by the prefecture. 　　The Project Office of the Autonomous Region is responsible for overall supervision， coordination and management; and the Water Resources Center of the Water Resources Department is  responsible  for the specific implementation and daily management of the project on behalf of the Project Office of the Autonomous  Region.  The Network Information Center of the Water Resources Department is responsible for the construction of specific internal and external network platforms， data access， operation and maintenance.
　　The preliminary investigation and exploration work should be well done. It is necessary to actively communicate with the water supply department of the monitoring station to fully seek opinions and delete the unnecessary construction sites. The exploration work should be well done， and the specific locations of the construction sites should be investigated in field to timely adjust unreasonable locations. It is necessary to understand the actual environment， so that the metering equipment that is not suitable for the on site hydrological environment can be re selected.
　　The project coordination management and technical support should be well done. The construction sites of the monitoring stations are partially managed by the local water management department， and some of them are located in the third water intake enterprise plants or their pumping houses， and it is necessary to strengthen communication with the water pipe department and enterprises to promote the construction project progress. If technical problems arise during construction， it should to timely consult with the technical teams to identify breakthroughs and improve the speed and quality of construction.
　　System operation and maintenance should be well done. Specifically， the professional post operation maintenance personnel should be trained to disassembly and install measuring equipment and instruments， and perform daily battery replacement， equipment troubleshooting and maintenance， etc.， so as to ensure the normal operation of the monitoring stations， and the monitoring data should be uploaded stably.
　　Establishing a water right trade market
　　Water rights， water price reform and the establishment of water market are effective ways to realize the conversion of agricultural water to industrial， municipal and ecological water， as well as an effective mechanism to promote sustainable water saving and optimal allocation of water resources under market economy conditions. In May 2014， Manas County established the first water rights trading center in Xinjiang （Fig. 5）. The amount of water saved by farmers in the county can be "sold" at a price six times the agricultural benchmark water price， turning "water right" to income. On the basis of confirming the quota， the annual agricultural water quota for farmers is fixed. On the basis of the second round of land contracting in Baojiadian Town of Manas County， the annual quota is 6 000 m2/hm2 water， and the quota of 1 hm2 of land of Luo Shijun is fixed at 6 000 m2 of water. That is to say， he has the right to 6 000 m2 of water. Now the water for farmers is  0.077  yuan/m3， and if the water is not used up， it can be sold to the water rights trading center at six times. 　　 On the basis of summarizing the experiences of the pilot reform of water rights and water prices in Hami and Changji， the water resources control indicators of the "three red lines" will be decomposed into towns and villages， and the water consumption and benefits will be confirmed step by step. The initial water rights are confirmed to the households or the enterprises， and the initial water rights certificate can be issued. In Xinjiang， based on the county level administrative regions total water consumption control indicator， regions and river basins are combined to clarify the initial water rights of agriculture. The initial water rights of agriculture are matched with the land contracting rights， the rights are fixed to the water source， to the project， to the land parcel and to the association or the user， and the warrant period is consistent with the land contracting period.
　　There are three main links in the current water resources allocation： one is total control， another is water distribution， and the third is water permit. Since the ownership of water resources is owned by the state， total control and water allocation should be decomposed step by step between the top down administrative subjects. The water permitting link is to realize the separation of water resources ownership and use rights， and is the micro distribution of water resources. The market should play a more effective role in the micro distribution of water resources than the government.
　　As a trading intermediary for water rights holders and water rights demanders， the market provides a platform for water rights trading， including public trading information， and promotes the completion of transactions and risk prevention and control through price mechanisms. Xinjiang will establish a water rights trading market with a basin as the boundary， for free bidding and orderly trading. The government authorizes the local water administrative department or the water unit to repurchase and clear the trading margin annually. After the water rights are determined， the newly added users purchase water rights from the water market， and the water rights transfer improves water use efficiency and benefit.
　　Under the premise of meeting the agricultural water in the region， saved water will be transferred across regions and industries according to market prices. At present， in the composition of total water price， water resources fees and sewage treatment fees account for a small proportion， water prices can only make up for the cost of water supply enterprises， and cannot play a role in evoking peoples awareness of water conservation. In terms of agricultural water price determined by the government， Xinjiang should make a reasonable consideration of water price changes， production and efficiency increase， high efficiency water saving development， water scarcity and user affordability. For negotiated pricing， it shall be determined in accordance with the principles of voluntariness， equality， facilitating water conservation， and ensuring sound engineering operation and agricultural production development. 　　References
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