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【摘要】新推出的一年兩考浙江高考英语试卷引进概要写作新题型。这对浙江师生来说是一个全新的挑战。基于输出驱动假设,结合一线教学实际,笔者分析出学生在概要写作中所存在的问题,结合语篇实例,指明教师在教学中该如何按策略逐步提高学生在这方面的写作能力。
【关键词】高考英语 概要写作 存在问题 策略培养
一、引言
自2016年10月份起,浙江省作为高考改革试点省份,英语实行一年两考。与之前自主命题相比,试卷的内容结构发生了重大变化。写作部分引进新题型——读后续写或概要写作。《考试说明》上明确表示“两种形式在不同考次不定期交替使用”。概要写作原为大学英语的范畴,高中阶段的概要写作为历史新创。学生在这一陌生题型上存在诸多问题,笔者将以一篇文本为例,提供一些教学上的策略建议。
2015年出的《考试说明》对概要写作的要求是:提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容:(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(3)上下文的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。可见,该题型考察的主要是学生对所给文本的主旨大意的把握能力,能够找准主题句和关键词,把握篇章结构,并能运用准确而简洁的语言概括文章,使用一定的语法结构和连接词,使文章变得通顺而流畅。
二、理论依据
输入和输出是语言习得中不可分割的两个部分,二者相辅相成。立于理解基础上的输入为后续输出的必要条件,而输出则是输入的内容经过内化后自然完成的语言习得的过程。输出的训练是为了促进输入的语言得到不停的强化和内化,因此将输入(阅读)和输出(写作)结合在一起,也就是新的概要写作题型,既强调了信息的输入,也强调了对输入信息的重新选择、组织语言、和衔接运用。输出驱动的假设认为输出比输入对语言的能力发展驱动力更强,以输出为导向的阅读会更有效地带动学生对语言体系的注意和加工,提高语言输入的有效性。概要写作这一目的指向性明确的语言输出,会让学生在阅读的时候更加积极有效地调动思维能力,分析能力和解决问题的能力,强化语言输入的内化迁移作用。
三、学生存在的问题
1.主旨把握不清。基于学生的字词积累不够,对文本的理解存在一定的偏差,不能准确地把握住主题句和关键词。要明确主题句所在的位置,通常为每段的句首,句中或句末。但也有些段落没有出现明显的主题句,学生必需要有寻找主题句但又不全然依赖主题句的意识,这时候就需要定位关键词。关键词往往以实词为主,教师要引导学生多定位动词、名词、形容词为主的关键词块,为扩词成句做好准备。
2.框架结构不明。概要写作的文本体裁决定了文本框架,文本体裁一般为记叙文,议论文,说明文三类。记叙文的文本结构特征决定了只要我们把握住了它的六要素,who what when where why how,再在末尾加上感悟或启示就是一篇完整的语篇。议论文的文本结构特征为:opinion supporting evidence conclusion.说明文的结构特征为:a problem causes solution或者是a phenomenon causes effects甚或是an object characteristics/function significance.有了整体的一个框架结构,文章的脉络就会变得比较清晰。
3.语言不够精简。由于以往的高考写作任务为写一篇120-150词的作文,为了文章有内容句式有变化,教师指导学生可劲地把句式拓展。但是概要写作则侧重在用自己的语言概括主旨,字数必须控制在60字以内,文本要点一般为四个左右,也就意味着每个要点的字数控制在10几个左右。既要少又要好,成了学生的一大难题。学生往往还保持着原来的惯性思维,较多地运用各种语法句式结构,也不会运用恰当的句内连接手段,来缩短句子长度,导致语篇过长。
4.原句照搬照抄。很多学生因为对概要写作其中要求之一要用自己的语言来表述各要点执行力不够,或者因为做题时间上的仓促,语言积累不足,不懂灵活地运用同义替换,仍处于最初阶段的找准主题句,直接照抄的省力方式。这就需要教师平时加强练习的强度,及时评价反馈,更正学生的意识思维模式。
四、教师的教学策略
教师作为学生学习上的指导者,在新题型的背景下,需要及时吃透题型要求,把握题型特点,并相应地在教学上教授一定的策略,让学生能够适应新题型,提高得分率。下面以下文为例,谈谈概要写作的三步法:
Many of us invest valuable time, energy and money planning our vacations. We do this because we know for sure that going on vacations must be good for us. Research proves this feeling without a doubt. Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.
Yet, despite these benefits, many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was OK — but not great. In order to change this, some mistakes should be avoided. A typical one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many things. Perhaps you’re planning a trip to Europe, seven cities in 10 days, and you realize it will cost only a little more to add two more destinations to the list. Sounds fine in theory, but hopping from one place to the next hardly gives an opportunity to experience what psychologists call mindfulness — time to take in our new surroundings, time to be present and absorb our travel experiences. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues such as how to find a good flight deal, how to get from A to B, or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey. These issues may seem important, but our psychological state of mind is far more important. Actually, vacation happiness is based on the following top rules. First, choose your travel companions wisely, because nothing contributes more significantly to a trip than the right companions. Second, don’t spend your vacation time in a place where everything is too expensive so as to maintain a positive mood. Third, shop wisely, for meaningful experiences provide more long-term happiness than physical possessions.
1.确定框架,找准主题句或实词关键词。这篇文章的整体框架为总分结构。第二段和第三段又各自有个小总分。
主题句可位于句首如第三段的第一句,也可位于句中,如第一段。也可以是需要自己整合的如第二段。注意:Tips1:找总领性的而不是过于详细的句子做主题句。例如第一段的主题句应该为going on vacations must be good for us. 而不是最后一句vacation的具体好处。Tip 2: 注意连词和代词的作用。我们不难从Yet, despite, this 这三个词中看出第二段的主题句应为this 所指代的第一句的后半句和第二句的整合。but 的存在让我们从ok和not great当中有了选择倾向。另外,从A typical one 和 Another mistake is 中概括出了两个分。Tip 3: 补充的信息,如目的,举例,理由不能做主题句。第三段的because, so as to,for后面的信息就应删除。
从找实词关键词的策略来看,attempting to maximize value和worry too much about strategic issues也是为第二段的重点信息。第三段的关键词为:choose your travel companions,don’t spend your vacation time in a place, shop wisely.
2.对提炼出来的文章进行改写和化繁为简。改写遵循两个原则,一是同义替换,二是句式变换。这篇文本经过主题句关键词处理后变为:Vacations are good for us. Many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was not great. In order to change this, two mistakes should be avoided. One mistake is that planners are attempting to maximize value for money. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues. Vacation happiness is based on the top rules. Choose the companions, never spend time in a place where everything is too expensive, and shop wisely. 把划线词进行同义替换,斜体词进行句式变换后,再进一步的缩略简化后则变成:Vacations benefit everyone, many people come back from vacations not feeling very great. To make our vacations happy, we should avoid two mistakes. One mistake is planners are trying to achieve the fullest value for what we invest into vacations. Another mistake is worrying too much about vacation arrangements. We should follow some rules. Choose the right companions and destinations and shop wisely.
3.用上連接词使行文流畅。连接词使得句于句之间,要点与要点之间的衔接过渡更加自然,语篇的连贯性更强。常用的连接词为表转折的如however, on the contrary,although等,表因果的如as a result/consequence, therefore,due to/owing to 等,表递进的如what’s more, what’s worse, besides, in addition, not only…but also等,表总结的如in brief, to sum up, in conclusion 等。以及一些副词如unfortunately, hopefully, surprisingly等。上文加上连接词后最终可变为:Vacations benefit everyone, but many people come back from vacations not feeling very great. To make our vacations happy, we should avoid two mistakes — trying to achieve the fullest value for what we invest into vacations and worrying too much about vacation arrangements. Besides, we should follow some rules such as choosing the right companions and destinations and being wise in doing shopping. (63 words)
五、结语
概要写作在目前高中教学中仍处于摸索的阶段,既要求学生有一定的阅读理解能力,又要求能对原文进行重新归纳,展现出综合运用语言的能力,这种有挑战性的题型需要广大一线教师积极实践,重视学生在解题过程中所产生的问题,加以指正更改,通过不断地强化训练最终提升学生的写作产出水平。
参考文献:
[1]金怡.中学生英语概要写作研究:问题与对策[J].外语测试与教学,2016(4):38-42.
[2]赵奔奔,金小薇.“U型三步法”在高中英语概要写作中的尝试[J].English Teachers,2016(10):95-110.
【关键词】高考英语 概要写作 存在问题 策略培养
一、引言
自2016年10月份起,浙江省作为高考改革试点省份,英语实行一年两考。与之前自主命题相比,试卷的内容结构发生了重大变化。写作部分引进新题型——读后续写或概要写作。《考试说明》上明确表示“两种形式在不同考次不定期交替使用”。概要写作原为大学英语的范畴,高中阶段的概要写作为历史新创。学生在这一陌生题型上存在诸多问题,笔者将以一篇文本为例,提供一些教学上的策略建议。
2015年出的《考试说明》对概要写作的要求是:提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容:(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(3)上下文的连贯性;(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。可见,该题型考察的主要是学生对所给文本的主旨大意的把握能力,能够找准主题句和关键词,把握篇章结构,并能运用准确而简洁的语言概括文章,使用一定的语法结构和连接词,使文章变得通顺而流畅。
二、理论依据
输入和输出是语言习得中不可分割的两个部分,二者相辅相成。立于理解基础上的输入为后续输出的必要条件,而输出则是输入的内容经过内化后自然完成的语言习得的过程。输出的训练是为了促进输入的语言得到不停的强化和内化,因此将输入(阅读)和输出(写作)结合在一起,也就是新的概要写作题型,既强调了信息的输入,也强调了对输入信息的重新选择、组织语言、和衔接运用。输出驱动的假设认为输出比输入对语言的能力发展驱动力更强,以输出为导向的阅读会更有效地带动学生对语言体系的注意和加工,提高语言输入的有效性。概要写作这一目的指向性明确的语言输出,会让学生在阅读的时候更加积极有效地调动思维能力,分析能力和解决问题的能力,强化语言输入的内化迁移作用。
三、学生存在的问题
1.主旨把握不清。基于学生的字词积累不够,对文本的理解存在一定的偏差,不能准确地把握住主题句和关键词。要明确主题句所在的位置,通常为每段的句首,句中或句末。但也有些段落没有出现明显的主题句,学生必需要有寻找主题句但又不全然依赖主题句的意识,这时候就需要定位关键词。关键词往往以实词为主,教师要引导学生多定位动词、名词、形容词为主的关键词块,为扩词成句做好准备。
2.框架结构不明。概要写作的文本体裁决定了文本框架,文本体裁一般为记叙文,议论文,说明文三类。记叙文的文本结构特征决定了只要我们把握住了它的六要素,who what when where why how,再在末尾加上感悟或启示就是一篇完整的语篇。议论文的文本结构特征为:opinion supporting evidence conclusion.说明文的结构特征为:a problem causes solution或者是a phenomenon causes effects甚或是an object characteristics/function significance.有了整体的一个框架结构,文章的脉络就会变得比较清晰。
3.语言不够精简。由于以往的高考写作任务为写一篇120-150词的作文,为了文章有内容句式有变化,教师指导学生可劲地把句式拓展。但是概要写作则侧重在用自己的语言概括主旨,字数必须控制在60字以内,文本要点一般为四个左右,也就意味着每个要点的字数控制在10几个左右。既要少又要好,成了学生的一大难题。学生往往还保持着原来的惯性思维,较多地运用各种语法句式结构,也不会运用恰当的句内连接手段,来缩短句子长度,导致语篇过长。
4.原句照搬照抄。很多学生因为对概要写作其中要求之一要用自己的语言来表述各要点执行力不够,或者因为做题时间上的仓促,语言积累不足,不懂灵活地运用同义替换,仍处于最初阶段的找准主题句,直接照抄的省力方式。这就需要教师平时加强练习的强度,及时评价反馈,更正学生的意识思维模式。
四、教师的教学策略
教师作为学生学习上的指导者,在新题型的背景下,需要及时吃透题型要求,把握题型特点,并相应地在教学上教授一定的策略,让学生能够适应新题型,提高得分率。下面以下文为例,谈谈概要写作的三步法:
Many of us invest valuable time, energy and money planning our vacations. We do this because we know for sure that going on vacations must be good for us. Research proves this feeling without a doubt. Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.
Yet, despite these benefits, many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was OK — but not great. In order to change this, some mistakes should be avoided. A typical one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many things. Perhaps you’re planning a trip to Europe, seven cities in 10 days, and you realize it will cost only a little more to add two more destinations to the list. Sounds fine in theory, but hopping from one place to the next hardly gives an opportunity to experience what psychologists call mindfulness — time to take in our new surroundings, time to be present and absorb our travel experiences. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues such as how to find a good flight deal, how to get from A to B, or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey. These issues may seem important, but our psychological state of mind is far more important. Actually, vacation happiness is based on the following top rules. First, choose your travel companions wisely, because nothing contributes more significantly to a trip than the right companions. Second, don’t spend your vacation time in a place where everything is too expensive so as to maintain a positive mood. Third, shop wisely, for meaningful experiences provide more long-term happiness than physical possessions.
1.确定框架,找准主题句或实词关键词。这篇文章的整体框架为总分结构。第二段和第三段又各自有个小总分。
主题句可位于句首如第三段的第一句,也可位于句中,如第一段。也可以是需要自己整合的如第二段。注意:Tips1:找总领性的而不是过于详细的句子做主题句。例如第一段的主题句应该为going on vacations must be good for us. 而不是最后一句vacation的具体好处。Tip 2: 注意连词和代词的作用。我们不难从Yet, despite, this 这三个词中看出第二段的主题句应为this 所指代的第一句的后半句和第二句的整合。but 的存在让我们从ok和not great当中有了选择倾向。另外,从A typical one 和 Another mistake is 中概括出了两个分。Tip 3: 补充的信息,如目的,举例,理由不能做主题句。第三段的because, so as to,for后面的信息就应删除。
从找实词关键词的策略来看,attempting to maximize value和worry too much about strategic issues也是为第二段的重点信息。第三段的关键词为:choose your travel companions,don’t spend your vacation time in a place, shop wisely.
2.对提炼出来的文章进行改写和化繁为简。改写遵循两个原则,一是同义替换,二是句式变换。这篇文本经过主题句关键词处理后变为:Vacations are good for us. Many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was not great. In order to change this, two mistakes should be avoided. One mistake is that planners are attempting to maximize value for money. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues. Vacation happiness is based on the top rules. Choose the companions, never spend time in a place where everything is too expensive, and shop wisely. 把划线词进行同义替换,斜体词进行句式变换后,再进一步的缩略简化后则变成:Vacations benefit everyone, many people come back from vacations not feeling very great. To make our vacations happy, we should avoid two mistakes. One mistake is planners are trying to achieve the fullest value for what we invest into vacations. Another mistake is worrying too much about vacation arrangements. We should follow some rules. Choose the right companions and destinations and shop wisely.
3.用上連接词使行文流畅。连接词使得句于句之间,要点与要点之间的衔接过渡更加自然,语篇的连贯性更强。常用的连接词为表转折的如however, on the contrary,although等,表因果的如as a result/consequence, therefore,due to/owing to 等,表递进的如what’s more, what’s worse, besides, in addition, not only…but also等,表总结的如in brief, to sum up, in conclusion 等。以及一些副词如unfortunately, hopefully, surprisingly等。上文加上连接词后最终可变为:Vacations benefit everyone, but many people come back from vacations not feeling very great. To make our vacations happy, we should avoid two mistakes — trying to achieve the fullest value for what we invest into vacations and worrying too much about vacation arrangements. Besides, we should follow some rules such as choosing the right companions and destinations and being wise in doing shopping. (63 words)
五、结语
概要写作在目前高中教学中仍处于摸索的阶段,既要求学生有一定的阅读理解能力,又要求能对原文进行重新归纳,展现出综合运用语言的能力,这种有挑战性的题型需要广大一线教师积极实践,重视学生在解题过程中所产生的问题,加以指正更改,通过不断地强化训练最终提升学生的写作产出水平。
参考文献:
[1]金怡.中学生英语概要写作研究:问题与对策[J].外语测试与教学,2016(4):38-42.
[2]赵奔奔,金小薇.“U型三步法”在高中英语概要写作中的尝试[J].English Teachers,2016(10):95-110.