美国科学史学家海尔布隆纳曾经这样讲道:“正如市场在中世纪时期首次显露一样,科学技术好比一条巨大的地下河,它的幽迴曲折、盘援上升的河道在资本主义时代最后涌流出地面,但是,它却来自很多很不相同的源头。而两者的相似之处并不到此为止,如同新兴的、蓬勃向上的市场力量一样,科学变革长河现在一经涌出地面,必定使自身的河道穿过现有的社会大地——这条科学河道,就像中世纪生活中金钱的活动方向那样,将深刻地改变现有社会地貌的性质。” As the science historian Heilbronner once said: “As the market first appeared in the Middle Ages, science and technology were like a huge underground river, with its twists and turns, and the rising river channel finally emerged in the capitalist era The ground, however, comes from many very different sources, and the similarities do not stop here, as emerging, vigorous market forces, and the long-awaited change of science, are now emerging from the ground, The passage of the river through the existing social land - a scientific river that, like the direction of the activity of money in medieval life, will profoundly change the nature of the existing social landscape. ”