十八世纪,英国大机器生产导致雇主对技术工人的需求猛增,而新兴工人只能从农民中“转移”。于是,雇主开始从农民中招收“学徒工”——雇主为学徒提供食宿,但在一定时期内几乎没有任何报酬。“学徒制”培养了众多依附于企业生存的后备劳动力,也为在岗工人制造了大量的竞争对手,为雇主进一 In the eighteenth century, large-scale machine-building in the United Kingdom led to a surge in employers’ demand for skilled workers, while emerging workers were only “diverted” from peasants. As a result, employers began to recruit “apprentices” from farmers - employers provided accommodation to apprentices, with little or no remuneration for a period of time. Apprenticeship has cultivated a large number of back-up labors attached to the survival of enterprises and has also created a large number of competitors for laid-off workers to work for employers