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1893年的美国的《哈特法》首次以成文法的形式明确规定了承运人最低限度的义务以及承运人法定的免责。确立了承运人适航的义务为其首要义务,不能通过订立合同来免除,承运人适航义务的履行是承运人享有免责的前提条件。由《哈特法》所确立的承运人适航的首要义务的原则得到了广泛的认可,1924年的《海牙规则》以国际公约的形式沿用了这一规定,承运人必须克尽职责使船舶在开航前和开航时适航。
For the first time in 1893, the United States’ Hart Law clearly stipulated the carrier’s minimum obligations and the carrier’s statutory exemption in the form of written law. The obligation of airworthiness of the carrier has been established as its primary obligation. It can not be exempted by entering into a contract. The fulfillment of the carrier’s airworthiness obligation is a precondition for the carrier’s exemption. The principle of maritime airworthiness, which is established by the Hart Law, has been widely recognized. The Hague Rules of 1924 follow this provision in the form of an international convention, and the carrier must exercise due diligence to make the ship Airworthiness before sailing and at sea.