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澳大利亚和中国都面临水资源管理的巨大挑战,本文比较了中澳两国在水资源管理方面的异同点。主要结论是:①除人均可利用水资源量外,中澳两国的水资源状况基本类似,两国的年均降雨量比较接近,降雨和径流都具较高的时空变异性;农用灌溉是主要的水利用方式,占年抽取水量的70%;两国都过度开发地表水和地下水,已经导致环境退化;②两国在管理制度和举措中却存在很大差别,相对而言,澳大利亚水管理体制简单可行,其通过伙伴关系建立的流域管理局在水资源综合管理中发挥了非常重要的作用。与此相反,中国有一个复杂的水管理系统,以自上而下的体系设置和跨部门协调为主;在灌溉水管理和流域管理中,澳大利亚已经把重点放在系统化的方法上,应用工程、技术、经济和体制方面的综合措施,相比之下,中国尽管制定了一些经济和体制方面的改革规划,但更重视工程和技术措施。这种水资源管理重点的差异,影响了两国在未来几年内水资源研究的重点,澳大利亚研究优先为政策和管理,而中国则重视技术开发和工程建设;③中国可以从澳大利亚的经验中受益的是系统化的水资源管理理念,包括:用系统化的思路提高水的利用效率,流域一体化的水资源管理以及加强科研和政策管理间的联系;两国也面临着一些共同挑战,包括气候变化、提高水的生产效率的同时恢复农业生态系统、以及理解地表水和地下水的相互关系。
Both Australia and China are facing great challenges in water resources management. This article compares the similarities and differences between China and Australia in water resources management. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The water resources in China and Australia are basically similar except for the per capita available water resources. The average annual rainfall between the two countries is relatively close, and precipitation and runoff have higher temporal and spatial variability. Agricultural irrigation is The main modes of water use account for 70% of the annual water withdrawal; excessive development of surface water and groundwater in both countries has led to environmental degradation; and the two countries have very different management systems and measures. Relatively speaking, the Australian Water Management The system is simple and viable and its basin authority, established through partnership, has played a very important role in IWRM. In contrast, China has a complex water management system that focuses on top-down system setup and cross-sectoral coordination; in irrigation water management and watershed management, Australia has focused on systematic approaches that apply Engineering, technology, economy and institutional aspects. In contrast, although China has formulated some economic and institutional reform plans, it places more emphasis on engineering and technical measures. This difference in the focus of water resources management has affected the focus of water resources research in the coming years in both countries, with Australian research priorities being policy and management while China emphasizing technology development and engineering; and ③ China can benefit from its experience in Australia Is a systematic concept of water resources management, including: a systematic approach to improving water use efficiency, integrated water resources management in river basins, and strengthening the links between research and policy management; both countries also face a number of common challenges, including Climate change, improving water productivity while restoring agro-ecosystems and understanding the interrelationship between surface water and groundwater.