“穴居”是中国最古老的民居。《易经》记载说:“上古穴居而野处,后世圣人易之以宫室。”旧石器时代以前为天然洞穴,进入农耕则是人工构筑的穴居、半穴居。天然洞穴的穴居遗迹考古多有发现,如陕西蓝田锡水洞、云南中部哀牢山地区等。湿热、密林地区则为“巢居”,先民们“构木为巢”,起初在树上,进而在地面筑楼。晋代《博物志》记载:“南越巢居,北朔穴居,避寒暑也。”早期农耕,生产力发展促使母系家族解体,民居中出现分灶、分窑的现象;父系家族的集团民居围合成院落、广场。中原汉民族普遍发展、演变成院落式民居;汉画象砖有院落式民居较完整的形象。 Caverns are the oldest dwellings in China. “Book of Changes” records that: “Ancient cave dwellings and wild places, the future generations of saints are easy to use the palace.” Before the Paleolithic era was a natural cave, into the farming is artificially built burrowing, half cave dwelling. The burrowing archaeological remains of natural caves are frequently found, such as the Xishui Cave in Lantian, Shaanxi and the Ailaoshan region in central Yunnan. Hot and humid, dense forest area is “nested”, the ancestors “constructed wood for the nest”, initially in the tree, and then building on the ground. In the Jin Dynasty’s “Natural History”, it was recorded: “Nanyue lives in the nest, and the north is nesting, avoiding the cold and the summer.” Early farming, productivity development led to the disintegration of the matriarchal family, the phenomenon of sub-sections and kiln in the dwellings, and the group dwellings of the paternal family. Courtyard, square. The Han Chinese people in the Central Plains generally developed and evolved into courtyard-style dwellings; the Chinese paintings had a more complete image of courtyard dwellings.