导读:地球上没有任何一种生物单独地生存于非生物环境中,它总是程度不同地受到周围植物、动物和微生物的影响。不同生物既有共同的环境,而又互为环境。对某一特定的生物来说,周围这些对它产生影响的生物便成为一个很重要的因素。一方面生物在物质上互济互补和共存共荣,既有相依为命的共生关系、互惠互利的种内关系,还有更多的互不伤害的共栖关系。另一方面生态系统中还存在着互相排斥和制约的斗争关系,如寄生关系、植食关系、捕食关系、种内竞争关系以及抗生关系等。通过上述关系,使不同生物的生存能力持续提高。另外不同生物以及同种生物间还有各式各样的信息传递,通过声音、激素、动作等表达和传递信息,共同克服外界压力、保持种属繁衍和物种间的协调发展。如果人为的过分强调某种生物,有可能破坏这种平衡,造成某种生物的灾难。如,当前某些地区,推广所谓的立体化养殖,即鸡粪便喂猪,猪粪便喂鱼,死的鱼虾再喂鸡的循环,从表面上看,似乎很合理。短期内,可以节约成本,获得最大的经济利益,但是长期的结果是会由于饲养种类的增多,破坏了该地区的生态平衡,循环上游的粪便不能全部被下游的动物应用。更严重的是这种所谓的立体化养殖,使一些生物共患的疾病,得以延续和发展,而且人为给病原跨物种传播创造了条件(如:某些寄生虫病和人畜共患的疾病)。总之,和谐养殖的前提,首先是保持生态平衡的健康养殖。 REVIEW: None of the creatures on Earth live alone in a non-living environment, and it is always affected to varying degrees by surrounding plants, animals and microbes. Different organisms have a common environment, but each environment. For a particular creature, the surrounding creatures that have an impact on it become a very important factor. On the one hand, creatures are materially mutually supportive and coexist and prosperous. They have interdependent symbiotic relations, mutually beneficial intra-species relations, and more mutual harmless co-habitats. On the other hand, there are also mutually exclusive and restrictive struggles in ecosystems such as parasitism, phytosanitary relationships, predation, intra-species competition, and antibiotic relations. Through the above relationship, the viability of different organisms is continuously increased. In addition, there are various kinds of information transmission among different living creatures and the same kind of creatures, expressing and transmitting information through sounds, hormones, actions and the like to jointly overcome the external pressure and maintain the multiplication of species and the coordinated development among species. If you artificially overemphasize a creature, it is possible to undermine that balance and cause some sort of biological disaster. For example, in some areas, the promotion of the so-called three-dimensional farming, that is, the cycle of feeding pigs with chicken excrement, feeding pigs with excrement and excreting dead fish and shrimp, seems superficially reasonable. In the short term, the costs and the maximum economic benefits can be saved. However, the long-term result is that the ecological balance in the area will be destroyed due to the increase in breeding stock. Therefore, all the faeces in the upper reaches of the circulation can not be used by the animals in the lower reaches. What is even more serious is that this so-called three-dimensional culture causes some biologically comorbid diseases to be extended and developed, and human beings have created conditions for cross-species transmission of pathogens (such as certain parasitic and zoonotic diseases) . In short, the premise of harmonious farming, the first is to maintain a balanced ecological health farming.