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人们对钢材性能的要求是多方面的,可以归纳为强度和韧塑性两个方面,两者构成一对矛盾,在生产实际中韧塑性往往是矛盾的主要方面。长期以来人们对强化钢材的方法作了很多探讨,例如固溶强化、加工硬化(位错强化)、晶界强化以及析出强化等,都是十分有效的强化方法。然而这些方法能否充分的加以利用,主要受到韧塑性的限制。强度增加韧塑性降低,这是人们的一般经验;此外,钢铁生产中出现的质量问题,使用中发生的事故,也大多与钢材韧塑性较低有关。
People’s requirements for steel performance are multifaceted and can be summed up in two aspects: strength and toughness. The two constitute a contradiction. In practice, toughness and plasticity are often the main contradictions. For a long time people have made many discussions on the methods of strengthening steel, such as solid solution strengthening, work hardening (dislocation strengthening), grain boundary strengthening and precipitation strengthening, etc., are very effective strengthening methods. However, whether these methods can be fully utilized is mainly limited by the toughness and plasticity. In addition, the quality problems appearing in the production of steel and the accidents in use are mostly related to the low ductility of the steel.