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摘 要:欧内斯特•海明威被称为是“迷惘的一代”最重要的代言人。他的作品以精确,朴素,紧凑的语言;独特的“冰山原则”;和死亡,虚无主义和勇于面对重压和悲剧的主题而著称。短篇小说《一个干净明亮的地方》是海明威的早期作品之一。这部小说完美地体现了他的写作特点和天赋。作为一个伟大的现代主义作家,海明威在他的作品中展现了现代西方世界与人们的生活,其中更流露出了他个人的忧郁,他不仅开创了一种新的写作风格,而且也触动了西方世界最基本的问题,那就是在20世纪的西方社会,人们失去了价值标准,所有的人都生活在虚无之中。本文重点分析了此短篇小说的艺术特色,通过仔细阅读文本和深入分析作者独特的写作技巧,包括人物塑造,写作风格和主题,可以再现海明威的伟大艺术成就。而本文旨在披露战争对人民生活和思想的消极影响。
关键词:“迷惘的一代”;战争;死亡;虚无
1、Introduction
Ernest Hemingway was regarded as the most important spokesman for“The Lost Generation”. He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare,laconic terse,clear,telegraph-like,yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details. This style is his famous "Iceberg Principle" that emphasizes simplicity and economy of expression. Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in the face of tragedy. They reveal man's impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against over-whelming odds. And these heroes are called "The Hemingway Code Hero".
In his life,Hemingway wrote lots of famous works,which include In Our Time,The Sun Also Rises,A Farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell Tolls,The Old Man and the Sea,Death in the Afternoon,To Have and Have Not,and so on. And just for his novels and for his short stories,which include some of the finest in the English language,Hemingway received wide acclaim. In 1954,he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his "mastery of the art of modern narration".
His short story A Clean,Well-Lighted Place was written in his early time,which has a typical Hemingway's style. It is primarily set in a cafe late in the evening as two waiters wait for their last customer to leave so that they can close shop for the evening. The plot of the short story is very simple,but in this story,Hemingway's vivid description of the characters and his arrangement of the structure shows his unparalleled artistic achievement.
2、Literature Review
Although Hemingway is a never paralleled writer,his works have been enormously popular with the people from all around the world,his life and death leaves people too many doubts,and he is still a controversial writer in the 20th century. His works also received high critical acclaim. Some critics pointed out that Hemingway's idea was based on his own experiences,his own living conditions and the pessimistic philosophical theories of the western countries.
Hemingway's A Clean,Well-lighted Place was first published in a magazine named Scrimer's Magazine,then in the same year,it was embodied into a collection of short stories named Winner Take Nothing. In the February of 1959,both F. P. Kroeger and William Colburn wrote articles to attack this story. They think that Hemingway's dialogues in this story have the problem of confusing the identities of the speaker. Answering to this attachment,Charles Scribner Jr. recorrected this part of the story in 1965. [20]
Chinese scholar Du Yanyan also talked about this point in her paper,and she thinks that a minimalist story relies on dialogue and perfect surface details rather than introspective comments by the narrators to tell a story. Hemingway's short story A Clean,Well-lighted Place is of such characteristics since the writer omits the identities of the speakers of the discourse in conversations. Hence,readers,by seeking for the confirmation of the ambiguous identities of the speakers in their reading,recognize the theme of this story.[8]
Other criticisms go to Hemingway's writing style and language characteristics,as Hemingway views the long,dull words as the natural enemy of art. He thinks that it is the concise words that lead to the success of art. [9]He advocates using the short and clear patterns in writing,using the terse,simple words to express complicated meanings. "Iceberg Art" which he constructs forms a writing style,arises an art storm.
Just as Shen Zhaoli pointed out that Hemingway is good at using simple statements rather than the very complex compound structures to construct his novels. [18] As for the choice of words,he likes the basic English vocabularies which have the exact meaning. He prefers noun to adjectives; verbs to adverbs,uses nouns and verbs to present the things vividly in front of the readers. According to Hemingway,what you should do is to put down the things as they are,as for their inner meaning; he believes the reader will appreciate it. [7]
3、Backgrounds
3.1 Hemingway and the chaotic world
Hemingway lived from 1899 to 1961,during this time,the whole world is in war,and he experienced many wars in all his life. That is the reason why most of his works take the war as background,describing the pains the war brings to human being,and reflecting a younger generation's aimlessness after the war.
During the First World War,Hemingway volunteered to join the Red Cross of America and became a driver in the ambulance corps. In one mission of rescuing the wounded,Hemingway was seriously wounded and then went back to his hometown. He was the first American to be wounded in Italy during World War I,so after his recovery,he was given a decoration for valor,and then he become the hero in people's mind. And in the middle of 1930s,he went to Span,becoming the reporter of battlefield about Spanish Civil War. During the World War II,he was a soldier against the fascist. The war had left endless pains both on his body and spirit. Like the characters he created,he preferred to choose dignity. [10]Wars have left such a deep hurt in his mind that he can not find a direction even after the war. In the early morning of July 2,1961,standing beside his beloved gun rack in his home,he shoot himself with his favorite gun.
3.2 Hemingway and "the Lost Generation"
"The Lost Generation" is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-world War I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. Full of youthful idealism,these individuals sought the meaning of life,drank excessively,had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date. And the three best known representatives of "The Lost Generation" are F. Scott Fitzgerald,Ernest Hemingway,and John Dos Passos. Others usually included among the list are Sherwood Anderson,Kay Boyle,Hart Crane,Ford Maddox and Zelda Fitzgerald.
The writers of "The Lost Generation" have many common points. The first is that they all devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. Second is all of them were weary of the imperialistic wars but cannot find the way out. The third is expatriation. Many young writers of this school had an experience living in the European countries,especially in Paris. Although the government pronounced "recovering the atmosphere before the war",war had left deep hurt in people's heart. [12]Therefore,these writers struggled with their inner pains and lived a terrible life during their whole life.
关键词:“迷惘的一代”;战争;死亡;虚无
1、Introduction
Ernest Hemingway was regarded as the most important spokesman for“The Lost Generation”. He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare,laconic terse,clear,telegraph-like,yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details. This style is his famous "Iceberg Principle" that emphasizes simplicity and economy of expression. Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in the face of tragedy. They reveal man's impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against over-whelming odds. And these heroes are called "The Hemingway Code Hero".
In his life,Hemingway wrote lots of famous works,which include In Our Time,The Sun Also Rises,A Farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell Tolls,The Old Man and the Sea,Death in the Afternoon,To Have and Have Not,and so on. And just for his novels and for his short stories,which include some of the finest in the English language,Hemingway received wide acclaim. In 1954,he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his "mastery of the art of modern narration".
His short story A Clean,Well-Lighted Place was written in his early time,which has a typical Hemingway's style. It is primarily set in a cafe late in the evening as two waiters wait for their last customer to leave so that they can close shop for the evening. The plot of the short story is very simple,but in this story,Hemingway's vivid description of the characters and his arrangement of the structure shows his unparalleled artistic achievement.
2、Literature Review
Although Hemingway is a never paralleled writer,his works have been enormously popular with the people from all around the world,his life and death leaves people too many doubts,and he is still a controversial writer in the 20th century. His works also received high critical acclaim. Some critics pointed out that Hemingway's idea was based on his own experiences,his own living conditions and the pessimistic philosophical theories of the western countries.
Hemingway's A Clean,Well-lighted Place was first published in a magazine named Scrimer's Magazine,then in the same year,it was embodied into a collection of short stories named Winner Take Nothing. In the February of 1959,both F. P. Kroeger and William Colburn wrote articles to attack this story. They think that Hemingway's dialogues in this story have the problem of confusing the identities of the speaker. Answering to this attachment,Charles Scribner Jr. recorrected this part of the story in 1965. [20]
Chinese scholar Du Yanyan also talked about this point in her paper,and she thinks that a minimalist story relies on dialogue and perfect surface details rather than introspective comments by the narrators to tell a story. Hemingway's short story A Clean,Well-lighted Place is of such characteristics since the writer omits the identities of the speakers of the discourse in conversations. Hence,readers,by seeking for the confirmation of the ambiguous identities of the speakers in their reading,recognize the theme of this story.[8]
Other criticisms go to Hemingway's writing style and language characteristics,as Hemingway views the long,dull words as the natural enemy of art. He thinks that it is the concise words that lead to the success of art. [9]He advocates using the short and clear patterns in writing,using the terse,simple words to express complicated meanings. "Iceberg Art" which he constructs forms a writing style,arises an art storm.
Just as Shen Zhaoli pointed out that Hemingway is good at using simple statements rather than the very complex compound structures to construct his novels. [18] As for the choice of words,he likes the basic English vocabularies which have the exact meaning. He prefers noun to adjectives; verbs to adverbs,uses nouns and verbs to present the things vividly in front of the readers. According to Hemingway,what you should do is to put down the things as they are,as for their inner meaning; he believes the reader will appreciate it. [7]
3、Backgrounds
3.1 Hemingway and the chaotic world
Hemingway lived from 1899 to 1961,during this time,the whole world is in war,and he experienced many wars in all his life. That is the reason why most of his works take the war as background,describing the pains the war brings to human being,and reflecting a younger generation's aimlessness after the war.
During the First World War,Hemingway volunteered to join the Red Cross of America and became a driver in the ambulance corps. In one mission of rescuing the wounded,Hemingway was seriously wounded and then went back to his hometown. He was the first American to be wounded in Italy during World War I,so after his recovery,he was given a decoration for valor,and then he become the hero in people's mind. And in the middle of 1930s,he went to Span,becoming the reporter of battlefield about Spanish Civil War. During the World War II,he was a soldier against the fascist. The war had left endless pains both on his body and spirit. Like the characters he created,he preferred to choose dignity. [10]Wars have left such a deep hurt in his mind that he can not find a direction even after the war. In the early morning of July 2,1961,standing beside his beloved gun rack in his home,he shoot himself with his favorite gun.
3.2 Hemingway and "the Lost Generation"
"The Lost Generation" is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-world War I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. Full of youthful idealism,these individuals sought the meaning of life,drank excessively,had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date. And the three best known representatives of "The Lost Generation" are F. Scott Fitzgerald,Ernest Hemingway,and John Dos Passos. Others usually included among the list are Sherwood Anderson,Kay Boyle,Hart Crane,Ford Maddox and Zelda Fitzgerald.
The writers of "The Lost Generation" have many common points. The first is that they all devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. Second is all of them were weary of the imperialistic wars but cannot find the way out. The third is expatriation. Many young writers of this school had an experience living in the European countries,especially in Paris. Although the government pronounced "recovering the atmosphere before the war",war had left deep hurt in people's heart. [12]Therefore,these writers struggled with their inner pains and lived a terrible life during their whole life.