1980年8月，邓小平同志在（党和国家领导制度的改革）的重要讲话中指出：“现在应该明确提出继续肃清思想政治方面的封建主义残余影响的任务，并在制度上做一系列切实的改革，否则国家和人民还要遭受损失。”①在这篇讲话中，邓小平同志进一步论述了通过制约领导者的权力，逐步 In August 1980, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out in his important speech (Reform of the Leadership System of the Party and the State): “Now we should clearly put forward the task of continuing to eliminate the residual influence of ideological and political feudalism and make a series of practical and systematic Reform or else the state and people will suffer another loss. ”1 In this speech, Comrade Deng Xiaoping further elaborated that by gradually restricting the leadership’s power and gradually