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實用主義是主觀唯心主義的變形。它在十九世紀末葉和二十世紀初期得到很廣泛的發展。實用主義者企图證明出唯物主義也和唯心主義同樣是形而上學的。譬如,杜威斷言,舊的認識论是二元論的,並且把世界分爲真實的和表面的,因此知識亦被分爲經驗的和純粹的。在認識裏面發生着關於對象和方法的不正確的觀念;對象和方法對立起來。在這種情形之下,外界要經過感官的幫助來認識,但是精神界則是用不可思議的方式來認識,就是確立着理性和感覺之間的對立性。這種情形在學校的教案裏面,把教學科目和實驗作業、把理論和實践隔絕開。結果是既然得不到自然界的真正知識,又得不到人類社會的真正知識,知識和生活條件脫节了,個人的目的和願望也不跟具體的種種生活條件和可能性相符合。祇有真正的知識才能把我們的目的和願望應用到生活條件上去。
Pragmatism is the deformation of subjective idealism. It developed very extensively in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Pragmatists attempt to prove that both materialism and idealism are metaphysical as well. For example, Dewey asserted that the old epistemology was dualistic and divided the world into real and superficial, so knowledge was also divided into empirical and pure. There is an incorrect perception of objects and methods in knowledge; the objects and methods are antithetical. Under this circumstance, the outside world is to be recognized with the help of the senses, but the spiritual world is to realize in an incredible way that the opposition between reason and feeling is established. This situation in the school’s lesson plans, the teaching subjects and experimental homework, the theory and practice isolated. As a result, since the real knowledge of nature can not be obtained, the true knowledge of human society can not be obtained, and the knowledge and living conditions are out of touch with each other, the purpose and desire of the individual are not in keeping with the specific living conditions and possibilities. Only true knowledge can apply our purposes and aspirations to living conditions.