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近几年的高考语法填空题、短文改错题对语法的考查，不再考查“纯语法”或“纯词汇”，而是在特定语境中考查考生综合运用语言的能力。笔者结合近几年高考对语法考查的形式，阐述几种常见的解题技巧，助力考生高考。
方式一：变“顺向设题”为“逆向设题”
命制试题时，高考中会对一些动词短语进行“逆向设题”。即对于结构为“动词+宾语+介词+介词宾语”之类的动词短语，诸如make use of something，have trouble / difficulty （in）doing something等，常规考法是把此类短语中介词之前的部分（包括介词）看作固定不变的整体，进行变化的只是介词后面的部分。如：
（1）He made use of waste plastic in this article of handiwork.
（2）You can make use of your dictionary when doing this spelling exercise.
（3）Did you have any difficulty in getting to the top of the hill yesterday？
（4）He was sure to have great difficulty giving up smoking.
但是，下面的题目考生可能会感到无从下手。比如：
（1）The___that our body makes___food lies mainly in our digestion.
A. advantage of B. use in
C. use of D. advantage over
（2） Thank you for all the trouble you ___ my baby yesterday.
A. had to look after B. had looking after
C. had looked after D. have had looked after
答案：（1）C （2） B。在上面两道题目中，我们发现对此类动词短语的考查角度有一个显著特点，即不把介词前面的部分看作固定不变的整体，考查的方式是把该动词短语中的动词宾语前置为先行词，其余部分作为一个定语从句。这样，就把此类短语的考查放在一个比较复杂的句子结构里。本文把此类短语的这种“反常规”用法称作“逆向”用法。请继续看下面的例子：
（1）We appreciate ___ you ___ in organizing this contest.
A. a part took B. a part played
C. the part took D. the part played
（2） Don’t you realize the damage these chemicals ___ our environment？
A. are doing to B. is resulting in
C. are making for D. is leading to
（3） He is doing research into the adverse effect that modern farming methods may ___ the environment.
A. make B. have on C. bring on D. damage
（4）Finally， they agreed on the date he ___ the next meeting.
A. set about B. set out C. set off D. set for
以上4题分别考查了几个此类用法的动词短语：play a part in doing something，do damage to something.，have an effect on something，set a date for something。答案：D A B D 。
具有这种“逆向”用法的动词短语还有很多，如do harm to，pay attention to，set a record for something，take pains to do something/ over/with something，take trouble over/with something，take trouble doing something，take a picture/photo of somebody. sh，play a joke on somebody，make contributions towards doing something。
注意：考生解题时应规避选错介词，因为这类三词或四词以上的短语中的介词属于固定搭配，不可错用。
方式二：考查动词时态，不给出明确的时间状语
这种考查形式在语法填空中用来考查考生是否能灵活运用所学语法知识的能力，因此考生要学会认真分析上下文语境，从而能准确确定时态。考查动词时态时，题干句往往无具体、明确的时间状语，考生需对上下文语境进行分析，才能弄清楚所要考查的句子的时态。
（1）He kept looking at her， wondering whether he _______ her somewhere.
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen 答案：D。从表面上看，句子的前半句是过去时，然而空格处却要用过去完成时，这就要从句子的语意上去分析。句中的wondering实际上是一种心理活动，表示“好像在哪儿见过她”，因此这个行为应该是在wondering之前发生的。考生在解题中要学会咬文嚼字，汉语中的“已、了、过”等字均表达此动作明显先于谓语发生的时间，在上下文语境里应该用过去完成时；反之，则用现在完成时。
（2）—Is there anything wrong， Bob？ You look sad.
—Oh， nothing much. In fact， I ______ of my friends back home.
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. was just be thinking
答案：B。从对话来看，句子都是现在时，很多考生在解答这道题时，会习惯性地选择A项，然而空格处却要用过去进行时。与上面那道题一样，考生要从句子的语意去分析，in fact 呈现了“我”在说话时所呈现的思维状态，也就是“我”在回话前正在进行的行为状态，故应用过去进行时。
方式三：割裂固定搭配
解答这类题时， 考生应细心观察句子结构，尤其是一些常用句型转换、常用短语或从句关联词的割裂现象。高考命题常常采用这种方式使短语或固定搭配中的某个成分不在原来的位置， 从而使该短语或固定搭配难以辨认。若考生对所学语言知识掌握得不好的话，在考试中是难以对这种现象做出正确判断和抉择的。因此，这类题也是考生常常丢分的题型。
（1） In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person _______ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
答案：D。解答这道题首先要弄清楚句中的短语turn to somebody for help的用法。该句是一个定语从句，但短语被割裂开之后，介词to与关系代词whom搭配在一块，根据语法规则，与介词连用的关系代词必须用宾格形式。所以正确答案是to whom。在语法填空题中，考生易错用to him。
（2） Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose.
A. with which B. to which
C. of which D. for which
答案：B。这道题与上面那道题的思路是一致的，短语be controlled to也是被割裂开，与关系代词连用，故只有to which符合题意。在语法填空题中，考生易错用to them。
方式四：从省略成分设题
命制试题时，为了使语言生动、自然、简洁，命题人常常采用这种省略的形式。解答这类题，考生首先要弄懂句意，再根据所学语法知识将句子还原或补全，这有助于考生快速掌握句子的意思。不过这类现象多为同源主语的省略。
_____with the size of the whole earth， the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A. Compare B. When comparing
C. Comparing D. When compared
答案：D。本题考查when之后非谓语动词的用法，对when用法的判断是解题的关键。when（或其他词，如while，since，once等）引导状语从句时，若从句主语和主句主语相同，且从句谓语部分含有be时，可把从句主语和be同时省略。考生解题时易错选when comparing，其实when后省略了it is，即when it is compared with the size of the whole earth。
对策：针对语法填空题将逐步从考查考生的语言知识运用能力向文化知识过渡这一现象，考生应依据高考的命题思路，进行有效的复习。此外，考生要注意含语境的题，注重分析句子结构，时态的交互和变化，从句的特征效应，非谓语动词的一些特殊功能以及一些固定搭配等，以全面、理性地掌握语法填空题的精髓。
方式五：思维定式设题
在解题过程中，考生存在着一个突出问题：容易受思维定式的影响，因而对变化了的题目未能灵活应变，造成了不少错误。下面通过对8个典型案例的评析，帮助考生拓宽解题思路，摆脱这种思维定式的影响。
（1）_____they are to be included in the plan will depend on ______they are true.
A. If if B. Whether whether
C. If whether D. Whether if
答案：B。一般来说，在宾语从句中，whether常可与if互换，例如I don’t know if / whether I can help you. 但在这些情况下，只能用whether：①在介词后，例如：I haven’t settled the question of whether I will be back home. ②用于带to的不定式前，例如：She doesn’t know whether to go to school.③引出主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和让步状语从句。例如：Whether you like it or not，you will have to do it./Whether she will come is still a question./The question is whether it is worth doing.④多用于whether...or not场合。例如：I can’t say whether it is possible or not. （2）_____the early morning of May Day he left for Shanghai.
A .On B .At C .In D .By
答案：A。在in the morning/evening/afternoon，at no- on，at night等短语中，如果有前置定语或后置定语时，要将介词at/in改为on。例如：on a hot evening of July， on a cold night。
（3）They don’t think you two have met before， ______？
A.do they B. don’t they C. have you D. haven’t you
答案：A。句型I don’t think that...，其反意疑问句根据从句而变化，这种否定称为转移否定，即形式上否定了主句谓语，但实际上却是否定了从句的谓语。英语中除think以外，believe，suppose，expect，imagine等也有类似用法。例如：I don’t think he will come ， will he？如果主句中主语不是第一人称时，其反意疑问句根据主句而变化。例如：You don’t think I am going out there in the wet， do you ？
（4）—How many students have finished their homew-ork？
—______ .
A .Nothing B .None C .No one D .Nobody
答案：B。none既可指人也可指物，通常情况下，可与nobody， no one 或nothing互换。例如：Nobody/No one/None of us knows about it.但在简略回答时，如果以how much/how many发问，答语是none。以what/who发问时，答语是nothing/no one/nobody。例如：What is on the desk？ Nothing.
（5）The ship ____shanghai at eight o’clock yesterday morning.
A .in B .on C .to D .at
答案：D。在地点上，到达小地方用at，大地方用in。例如：He arrived in Beijing on Sunday . / She arrived at the village yesterday.但在时间上，表示时段用in或during，表示时日用on，表示时间点或到达的地方为某一地点时，则用at。例如：Our plane stopped in London at its way to New York at twelve o clock.前面的at是指到达伦敦的某一地点或伦敦车站，后面的at表示时间点。
（6）—Will you have ______more tea？
—There is plenty in the pot.
A .some B .any C .little D .few
答案：A。any用于否定句和疑问句，some用于肯定句。例如：Have you got any matches？ I haven’t got any./You have some good tapes. Could you lend me any？ 但希望得到肯定的回答时，some可用于疑问句，例如：Do you like some sugar in your coffee？ any还可用于if从句，例如：If there are any letters for me， can you send them on to this address？ 此外，any用于肯定句中，表示“任何，无论哪个”。例如：You can catch any bus ，they all go to the city centre.
（7）We had ____paper but _____ink .
A. plenty of not much B. a great deal of not many
C. much few D. a lot of a few
答案：A。much，a great deal，a lot of，plenty of均可跟不可数名词，many跟可数名词复数。但much，many的用法相当有限，通常只用于否定句和疑问句。在肯定句中常用a lot of，plenty of，a great deal of，a large number of。例如：I have seen a great deal of him these days.但下面两种情况下，many 和 much可用于肯定句：①many ，much前有as，too，how，so，very，a great等修饰，例如：I am sorry to give you so much trouble.②much，many在肯定句中用来充当主语或修饰主语，例如：Much snow has fallen.
（8） I arrived earlier than_____.
A .usually B .usual C .never D .always
答案：B。考生要区分这两组句子的区别：①It is colder than yesterday.（adj.）和He works as hard as ever.（adv.）②He was late， as usual.（adj.） 和Last Monday was even worse than usual.（adj.）
方式一：变“顺向设题”为“逆向设题”
命制试题时，高考中会对一些动词短语进行“逆向设题”。即对于结构为“动词+宾语+介词+介词宾语”之类的动词短语，诸如make use of something，have trouble / difficulty （in）doing something等，常规考法是把此类短语中介词之前的部分（包括介词）看作固定不变的整体，进行变化的只是介词后面的部分。如：
（1）He made use of waste plastic in this article of handiwork.
（2）You can make use of your dictionary when doing this spelling exercise.
（3）Did you have any difficulty in getting to the top of the hill yesterday？
（4）He was sure to have great difficulty giving up smoking.
但是，下面的题目考生可能会感到无从下手。比如：
（1）The___that our body makes___food lies mainly in our digestion.
A. advantage of B. use in
C. use of D. advantage over
（2） Thank you for all the trouble you ___ my baby yesterday.
A. had to look after B. had looking after
C. had looked after D. have had looked after
答案：（1）C （2） B。在上面两道题目中，我们发现对此类动词短语的考查角度有一个显著特点，即不把介词前面的部分看作固定不变的整体，考查的方式是把该动词短语中的动词宾语前置为先行词，其余部分作为一个定语从句。这样，就把此类短语的考查放在一个比较复杂的句子结构里。本文把此类短语的这种“反常规”用法称作“逆向”用法。请继续看下面的例子：
（1）We appreciate ___ you ___ in organizing this contest.
A. a part took B. a part played
C. the part took D. the part played
（2） Don’t you realize the damage these chemicals ___ our environment？
A. are doing to B. is resulting in
C. are making for D. is leading to
（3） He is doing research into the adverse effect that modern farming methods may ___ the environment.
A. make B. have on C. bring on D. damage
（4）Finally， they agreed on the date he ___ the next meeting.
A. set about B. set out C. set off D. set for
以上4题分别考查了几个此类用法的动词短语：play a part in doing something，do damage to something.，have an effect on something，set a date for something。答案：D A B D 。
具有这种“逆向”用法的动词短语还有很多，如do harm to，pay attention to，set a record for something，take pains to do something/ over/with something，take trouble over/with something，take trouble doing something，take a picture/photo of somebody. sh，play a joke on somebody，make contributions towards doing something。
注意：考生解题时应规避选错介词，因为这类三词或四词以上的短语中的介词属于固定搭配，不可错用。
方式二：考查动词时态，不给出明确的时间状语
这种考查形式在语法填空中用来考查考生是否能灵活运用所学语法知识的能力，因此考生要学会认真分析上下文语境，从而能准确确定时态。考查动词时态时，题干句往往无具体、明确的时间状语，考生需对上下文语境进行分析，才能弄清楚所要考查的句子的时态。
（1）He kept looking at her， wondering whether he _______ her somewhere.
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen 答案：D。从表面上看，句子的前半句是过去时，然而空格处却要用过去完成时，这就要从句子的语意上去分析。句中的wondering实际上是一种心理活动，表示“好像在哪儿见过她”，因此这个行为应该是在wondering之前发生的。考生在解题中要学会咬文嚼字，汉语中的“已、了、过”等字均表达此动作明显先于谓语发生的时间，在上下文语境里应该用过去完成时；反之，则用现在完成时。
（2）—Is there anything wrong， Bob？ You look sad.
—Oh， nothing much. In fact， I ______ of my friends back home.
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. was just be thinking
答案：B。从对话来看，句子都是现在时，很多考生在解答这道题时，会习惯性地选择A项，然而空格处却要用过去进行时。与上面那道题一样，考生要从句子的语意去分析，in fact 呈现了“我”在说话时所呈现的思维状态，也就是“我”在回话前正在进行的行为状态，故应用过去进行时。
方式三：割裂固定搭配
解答这类题时， 考生应细心观察句子结构，尤其是一些常用句型转换、常用短语或从句关联词的割裂现象。高考命题常常采用这种方式使短语或固定搭配中的某个成分不在原来的位置， 从而使该短语或固定搭配难以辨认。若考生对所学语言知识掌握得不好的话，在考试中是难以对这种现象做出正确判断和抉择的。因此，这类题也是考生常常丢分的题型。
（1） In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person _______ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
答案：D。解答这道题首先要弄清楚句中的短语turn to somebody for help的用法。该句是一个定语从句，但短语被割裂开之后，介词to与关系代词whom搭配在一块，根据语法规则，与介词连用的关系代词必须用宾格形式。所以正确答案是to whom。在语法填空题中，考生易错用to him。
（2） Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose.
A. with which B. to which
C. of which D. for which
答案：B。这道题与上面那道题的思路是一致的，短语be controlled to也是被割裂开，与关系代词连用，故只有to which符合题意。在语法填空题中，考生易错用to them。
方式四：从省略成分设题
命制试题时，为了使语言生动、自然、简洁，命题人常常采用这种省略的形式。解答这类题，考生首先要弄懂句意，再根据所学语法知识将句子还原或补全，这有助于考生快速掌握句子的意思。不过这类现象多为同源主语的省略。
_____with the size of the whole earth， the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A. Compare B. When comparing
C. Comparing D. When compared
答案：D。本题考查when之后非谓语动词的用法，对when用法的判断是解题的关键。when（或其他词，如while，since，once等）引导状语从句时，若从句主语和主句主语相同，且从句谓语部分含有be时，可把从句主语和be同时省略。考生解题时易错选when comparing，其实when后省略了it is，即when it is compared with the size of the whole earth。
对策：针对语法填空题将逐步从考查考生的语言知识运用能力向文化知识过渡这一现象，考生应依据高考的命题思路，进行有效的复习。此外，考生要注意含语境的题，注重分析句子结构，时态的交互和变化，从句的特征效应，非谓语动词的一些特殊功能以及一些固定搭配等，以全面、理性地掌握语法填空题的精髓。
方式五：思维定式设题
在解题过程中，考生存在着一个突出问题：容易受思维定式的影响，因而对变化了的题目未能灵活应变，造成了不少错误。下面通过对8个典型案例的评析，帮助考生拓宽解题思路，摆脱这种思维定式的影响。
（1）_____they are to be included in the plan will depend on ______they are true.
A. If if B. Whether whether
C. If whether D. Whether if
答案：B。一般来说，在宾语从句中，whether常可与if互换，例如I don’t know if / whether I can help you. 但在这些情况下，只能用whether：①在介词后，例如：I haven’t settled the question of whether I will be back home. ②用于带to的不定式前，例如：She doesn’t know whether to go to school.③引出主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和让步状语从句。例如：Whether you like it or not，you will have to do it./Whether she will come is still a question./The question is whether it is worth doing.④多用于whether...or not场合。例如：I can’t say whether it is possible or not. （2）_____the early morning of May Day he left for Shanghai.
A .On B .At C .In D .By
答案：A。在in the morning/evening/afternoon，at no- on，at night等短语中，如果有前置定语或后置定语时，要将介词at/in改为on。例如：on a hot evening of July， on a cold night。
（3）They don’t think you two have met before， ______？
A.do they B. don’t they C. have you D. haven’t you
答案：A。句型I don’t think that...，其反意疑问句根据从句而变化，这种否定称为转移否定，即形式上否定了主句谓语，但实际上却是否定了从句的谓语。英语中除think以外，believe，suppose，expect，imagine等也有类似用法。例如：I don’t think he will come ， will he？如果主句中主语不是第一人称时，其反意疑问句根据主句而变化。例如：You don’t think I am going out there in the wet， do you ？
（4）—How many students have finished their homew-ork？
—______ .
A .Nothing B .None C .No one D .Nobody
答案：B。none既可指人也可指物，通常情况下，可与nobody， no one 或nothing互换。例如：Nobody/No one/None of us knows about it.但在简略回答时，如果以how much/how many发问，答语是none。以what/who发问时，答语是nothing/no one/nobody。例如：What is on the desk？ Nothing.
（5）The ship ____shanghai at eight o’clock yesterday morning.
A .in B .on C .to D .at
答案：D。在地点上，到达小地方用at，大地方用in。例如：He arrived in Beijing on Sunday . / She arrived at the village yesterday.但在时间上，表示时段用in或during，表示时日用on，表示时间点或到达的地方为某一地点时，则用at。例如：Our plane stopped in London at its way to New York at twelve o clock.前面的at是指到达伦敦的某一地点或伦敦车站，后面的at表示时间点。
（6）—Will you have ______more tea？
—There is plenty in the pot.
A .some B .any C .little D .few
答案：A。any用于否定句和疑问句，some用于肯定句。例如：Have you got any matches？ I haven’t got any./You have some good tapes. Could you lend me any？ 但希望得到肯定的回答时，some可用于疑问句，例如：Do you like some sugar in your coffee？ any还可用于if从句，例如：If there are any letters for me， can you send them on to this address？ 此外，any用于肯定句中，表示“任何，无论哪个”。例如：You can catch any bus ，they all go to the city centre.
（7）We had ____paper but _____ink .
A. plenty of not much B. a great deal of not many
C. much few D. a lot of a few
答案：A。much，a great deal，a lot of，plenty of均可跟不可数名词，many跟可数名词复数。但much，many的用法相当有限，通常只用于否定句和疑问句。在肯定句中常用a lot of，plenty of，a great deal of，a large number of。例如：I have seen a great deal of him these days.但下面两种情况下，many 和 much可用于肯定句：①many ，much前有as，too，how，so，very，a great等修饰，例如：I am sorry to give you so much trouble.②much，many在肯定句中用来充当主语或修饰主语，例如：Much snow has fallen.
（8） I arrived earlier than_____.
A .usually B .usual C .never D .always
答案：B。考生要区分这两组句子的区别：①It is colder than yesterday.（adj.）和He works as hard as ever.（adv.）②He was late， as usual.（adj.） 和Last Monday was even worse than usual.（adj.）