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新生儿从宫内到宫外生活,生理方面发生急剧的变化,此时期适应性差,抵抗力低,病死率高。在新生儿期死亡中呼吸系统的原因占首位,探索和认识新生儿呼吸系统生理特点,对呼吸系统疾病的防治是非常重要的。一、肺的发育胎儿肺发育分4个阶段1.类腺样期(5～17孕周)胚胎三周末在咽部尾端腹侧出现喉气管沟,此沟外面隆起,逐渐加深,形成憩室,向尾侧伸展与咽部分开,形成的管道即气管。继续延伸分为两支为支气管胚芽,至5孕周出现肺叶芽,右侧三个,左侧二个;7孕周第3级支气管出现,右侧10支,左侧8～9支,17周时支气管肺叶分化完成。其末梢呈盲端,不能进行气体交换,显微镜检查呈腺样。2.小管期(13～25孕周)支气管内径加大,肺血管增多,24周时支气管分化到17级,形成呼吸性细支气管,末端出现薄壁的终末气囊,且血管较多,为原始气体交换单位。
Neonates from utero to extrauterine life, rapid changes in the physiological aspects of this period of poor adaptability, low resistance, high mortality. Respiratory system in neonatal deaths accounted for the top cause of exploration and understanding of neonatal respiratory physiology, prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases is very important. First, the development of lung Fetal lung development in four stages 1. Adenoid (5 to 17 gestational weeks) embryo three weeks at the end of the pharyngeal tail ventral laryngeal tube groove, the ditch outside the uplift, and gradually deepen the formation of diverticulum , Extend to the caudal side and pharynx separated, the formation of the pipe or trachea. Continue to be divided into two bronchial germ, lung buds appear to 5 weeks of gestation, the right three, the left two; 7 weeks of pregnancy grade 3 bronchial appear on the right 10, left 8 to 9, 17 Bronchial lobe differentiation is completed on week. The tip was blind, can not be gas exchange, microscopic examination was adenoid. 2. Small tube period (13 to 25 gestational weeks) increased bronchial diameter, increased pulmonary blood vessels, bronchial differentiation to grade 17 at 24 weeks, the formation of respiratory bronchioles, terminal thin-walled terminal balloon, and more blood vessels, as Original gas exchange unit.