论文部分内容阅读
火及火生态学是当代生态系统生态学研究最为深入的领域之一.理解火生态效应及其基本原理,对降低野火灾害并适当利用火作为一种有效管理手段起着关键的作用.本文介绍了目前火对若干具倾火性的生态系统(尤其是位于北美的寒温带及温带森林生态系统)影响的研究进展,并着重论述了火作为一种主导性的力量在植被动态、养分循环、土壤及水分关系的紧密关联过程中所起的作用.火通过以下主要过程影响生态系统的组成、结构和功能,即选择性地保留和去除物种,释放贮于生物量中的养分且增进其循环,藉改变土壤微生物活动及水分关系等影响土壤性能,并形成异质的时空环境镶嵌格局,而这些变化反过来又进一步影响火行为及其生态效应.火作为一种毁灭性的力量能迅速消耗大量生物量,并导致继后的土壤侵蚀、水土流失和空气污染等负面影响;但火作为一种建设性力量,对维持一些对火有依赖性的生态系统的健康及持续具有极重要的作用.考虑到火在生态系统过程中的独特调节作用,火应被视为生态系统及其管理中有机组分之一.火对生态系统的影响取决于火情势(包括火发生的季节、规模大小、频率及强度等)、植被类型、气候条件、物理环境及评价所用的时空尺度.未来有必要加强有关火对一些特定生态系统的作用研究,尤其是基于长期试验性的监测和模型来研究火对生态系统时空变化的影响.
Fire and fire ecology is one of the most in-depth research fields in contemporary ecosystem ecology.A understanding of fire ecological effects and its basic principles plays a key role in reducing wildfire disasters and making proper use of fire as an effective management tool. The current research progress on the effects of fire on a number of disastrous ecosystems (especially the cold temperate and temperate forest ecosystems in North America) focuses on the role of fire as a dominant force in vegetation dynamics, nutrient cycling, Soil and water relations.Fire affects the composition, structure and function of ecosystems through the following major processes: the selective retention and removal of species, the release of nutrients stored in the biomass, and the promotion of their circulation , By changing the soil microbial activity and water relations affect the soil properties, and the formation of heterogeneous space-time environment mosaic pattern, and these changes in turn further affect the fire behavior and its ecological effects. Fire as a devastating power can quickly consume Large amounts of biomass, and lead to the subsequent negative effects of soil erosion, soil erosion and air pollution; but the fire as a Constructive forces have a vital role in maintaining the health and sustainability of some fire-dependent ecosystems, and given the unique regulatory role of fire in ecosystems, fire should be considered as an integral part of ecosystems and their management of organic One of the components.Effects of fire on the ecosystem depend on the fire situation (including the season, size, frequency and intensity of the fire, etc.), vegetation types, climatic conditions, physical environment and the spatial and temporal scale used in the assessment. Research into the role of fire in specific ecosystems, especially based on long-term experimental monitoring and modeling, to study the effects of fire on ecosystem-temporal changes.