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1851年1月,洪秀全在金田揭竿而起,掀起了一场轰轰烈烈的太平天国运动。这场斗争一扫中国社会“万马齐喑”的局面,使神州大地出现一派生机,腐朽的清王朝岌岌可危,给正在开始沉沦的中华带来了希望之光。可是时隔十年,形势逆转,1861年11月北京发生了由叶赫那拉氏攫取最高统治权的祺祥政变。从此,西方资本主义与中国封建主义携手合流,中外反动势力联合统治中国的半殖民地半封建社会的政治局面开始形成。以往论者总是把这一局面的出现看作是第二次鸦片战争的结果,殊不知造成这一历史发展趋势的真正动因却是太平天国运动本身。怎样来认识这一形似矛盾实则必然的历史现象呢?本文仅就19世纪中期(五、六十年代)形成这一历史发展趋势的政治、外交、经济诸因素作一初步探讨。
In January 1851, Hong Xiuquan rose in Jintian, setting off a vigorous Taiping movement. This struggle has swept away the situation of “all-encompassing” society in China. This has brought about a vicious life on the land of China. The decadent Qing Dynasty is in jeopardy and brings hope to the beginning of the sinking of China. However, after a lapse of ten years, the situation reversed. In November 1861, a qixiang coup took place in Beijing that seized supreme sovereignty by Yehnaullah. Since then, the political situation in which the Western capitalism joined hands with feudalism in China and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in which China and foreign reactionary forces jointly rule China began to take shape. Historians always regard the appearance of this situation as the result of the Second Opium War. Everyone knows that the real motive for causing this historical trend of development is that of the Taiping movement. How to recognize this historical phenomenon, which is actually inevitable but contradictory? This paper only discusses the political, diplomatic and economic factors that form the historical development trend in the mid-19th century (1950s and 1960s).