一、前言目前,能够用自己的火箭技术发射人造卫星的国家除美苏两大宇宙大国外还有欧洲、日本、中国和印度。在欧洲,掌握发射火箭主导权的是法国,而英国在结束了宇宙开发长期休止状态后,最近将把火箭开发转向其它目标。然而现在单纯发射卫星的时代已经过去了,火箭将担负能够发射大型静止卫星和适应将来的宇宙空间站等重要使命。关于大型火箭没有确切定义,一般指能运载1吨以上静止卫星的火箭就可以叫做大型火箭,但是近年来大型火箭作为只能发射大型卫星是不够的,如果性能差又不经济,其存在就变得没价值或没意义了。另外,针对90年代以后出现的宇宙空间站,即要求具有用低廉的经费频繁运载大容量有效载荷 I. Preface At present, countries that can launch satellites using their own rocket technology include Europe, Japan, China and India in addition to the two major cosmopolitan countries outside the United States and the Soviet Union. In Europe, France is the master of rocket launchers, while the United Kingdom will soon shift rocket development to other goals after the long-term suspension of space development is completed. However, the era of purely launching satellites is over. The rocket will have such an important mission as launching large geostationary satellites and adapting to the future space station. There is no definitive definition of a large rocket. Generally speaking, a rocket capable of carrying more than 1 ton of geostationary satellites can be called a large rocket. However, in recent years, large rockets have not been enough for launching large satellites. If the performance is poor and uneconomical, their existence changes Worthless or meaningless In addition, for the space station that appeared after the 1990s, it is required to have a low-cost frequent carrying large-capacity payload