目的　探讨遗传因素在儿童哮喘病发病中的作用。方法　用病例对照的研究方法，确定了１８６ 例哮喘患儿为先证者，收集了１８６ 对核心家系的资料进行了遗传流行病学研究。结果儿童哮喘病具有明显家族聚集性（χ２ ＝ ２４ ．８０ ，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ，先证者Ⅰ、Ⅱ级亲属哮喘病患病率（ 分别为１３ ．６８ ％ 和５ ．３０ ％ ） 明显高于对照组（１ ．９６ ％ ） 。哮喘病分离比为０ ．１４ ，９５ ％ 可信限为０ ．０９７ ～０ ．１８ ，哮喘病Ⅰ、Ⅱ级亲属遗传度分别为７８ ．１８ ％ 和５５ ．０２ ％ ，且女性亲属遗传度（８３ ．６４ ％ ） 明显高于男性（７３ ．４８ ％ ） 。结论　哮喘病属多基因遗传方式，遗传因素是儿童哮喘病的主要危险因素，且对女性更明显 Objective To explore the role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma. Methods A case-control study was conducted to identify 186 probable asthmatic children and to collect 186 data of the nuclear family for genetic epidemiological study. Results Children with asthma had obvious familial aggregation (χ2 = 24 .80, P <0.01). The prevalence of asthma in first and second degree relatives of the probands (13.68% and 5.30% respectively) was significantly higher Higher than the control group (1.96%). Asthma separation ratio of 0. 14, 95% confidence limit is 0. 097 ~ 0. 18, the heritability of asthma Ⅰ, Ⅱ relatives were 78. 18% and 55. 02%, and female relatives heritability (83.64%) was significantly higher than men (73.48%). Conclusions Asthma is a polygenic inheritance. Genetic factors are the main risk factors of childhood asthma and are more obvious to women