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为估算2000、2005、2010年全国主要夏粮(早稻和小麦)与秋粮(中稻、晚稻和玉米)化肥施用环境影响的能值成本和宏观经济价值,以及计算2000—2010年的夏秋粮生产化肥施用环境成本的增长率,以化肥施用的污染产生剂量分析为基础,借助能值分析理论和伤残调整生命年评估手段来进行研究。结果表明:2010年,夏粮化肥施用环境成本高达171亿元,约占农业增加值的0.75%;秋粮化肥施用环境成本高达327亿元,约占农业增加值的1.44%;时间序列来看,2000—2010年全国夏粮与秋粮化肥施用引致的环境成本增加,2010年全国主要的粮食作物使用化肥引致的环境成本比2000年增长了4.68倍,其中夏粮增长了3.55倍,秋粮增长了5.53倍,夏粮的环境成本增速稍有下降,秋粮的增速大致保持不变。空间分布特征来看,夏粮在北部及沿海地区的影响强度大于南部与内陆地区,秋粮在西部耕地资源稀缺区的化肥环境影响强度趋于强烈。因此,农业生产中土地要素相较稀缺的地区,更加依赖于化肥的大量投入来提高产量,化肥环境成本负荷相应较大。
In order to estimate the emergy cost and macroeconomic value of the environmental impact of chemical fertilizers application on the main summer grains (early rice and wheat) and autumn grain (middle and late rice and maize) in 2000, 2005 and 2010, and to calculate the summer and autumn grain production fertilizer application from 2000 to 2010 The growth rate of environmental costs is based on the dose analysis of pollution generated by chemical fertilizers, and the research is conducted by means of emergy analysis theory and disability-adjusted life-year assessment methods. The results showed that in 2010, the environmental cost of summer grain chemical fertilizer application was as high as 17.1 billion yuan, accounting for about 0.75% of the added value of agriculture. The economic cost of using autumn grain fertilizer was as high as 32.7 billion yuan, accounting for 1.44% of the added value of agriculture. In terms of time series, 2000 -In 2010, the environmental costs caused by the use of summer grain and autumn grain fertilizers have increased. In 2010, the environmental costs caused by the use of chemical fertilizers by major grain crops in China increased by 4.68 times that of 2000, of which the summer grain increased by 3.55 times and the autumn grain by 5.53 times. The summer grain Of the growth rate of environmental costs fell slightly, autumn grain growth remained roughly unchanged. Spatial distribution characteristics of summer grain in northern and coastal areas of the intensity of impact is greater than the southern and inland areas, autumn grain in the western cultivated land scarce areas of the intensity of the impact of chemical fertilizers tend to be strong. Therefore, in areas where agricultural land is scarce in terms of agricultural production, it is more dependent on a large investment in chemical fertilizers to increase production and a correspondingly larger load on environmental costs of chemical fertilizers.