1978年陕西临潼秦始皇陵的一座陪葬坑中出土的两辆铜车马模型,为探讨古代独辕马车的系驾方式提供了珍贵的新资料。本文对秦陵铜车马的系驾方式提出了新的认识,进而对商周时期独辕马车系驾方式的演变作了新的论述。在古典时代,欧亚大陆(无论东方还是西方)马车的最基本型式是:两轮,独辕,辕的后端与车舆和轮轴结合在一起,辕的前端横置车衡,衡的两侧各缚系一个人字形的轭(见图1、图2)。学界普遍认为,其系驾方式是将人字形的轭斜叉于马肩胛之前的颈部,再用一条颈带绕过马脖,其两端勾挂于人字形轭向外翻卷的两个脚钩上(图2),这样就将马匹套束于车上,马匹前行,即带动车子前进。在此结构中,辕、衡、轭三者构成了主动的马匹和受动的轮舆之间的 In 1978, a bronze car model unearthed in a buried pit of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum in Lintong, Shaanxi Province provided valuable new information for exploring the driving style of the ancient single carriage. This article puts forward a new understanding of the system of driving the bronze horse in Qinling, and then makes a new exposition of the evolution of the dwelling system of the Dulingke car in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the classical era, the basic patterns of wagons in Eurasia (both east and west) are: two rounds, the only branch, the back end of the Yuan and the car and wheel shaft combined together, the front of the shaft transverse truck scale, the balance of the two The side of each tied a herringbone yoke (see Figure 1, Figure 2). The academic community generally believes that the Department of the driving system is the herringbone yaw bevel fork in the neck before the horse’s shoulder, and then use a neckband around the horse neck, hanging at both ends of the herringbone yoke curling outward two feet Hook (Figure 2), so that the horse will be bundled in the car, the horse forward, that is to bring the car forward. In this structure, the shaft, the balance and the yoke constitute the active horse and the moving wheel between