Objective Glutamate participates in the transmission of nociceptive information in the spinal cord.Because there is no enzyme for decomposing glutamate in extracellular fluid,extracellular glutamate homeostasis is regulated by an efficient high-capacity glutamate transporter system within the central nervous system.Recent studies have demonstrated that glial glutamate trasporter-1 (GLT-1) was involved in the spinal nociceptive transmission.Rothstein et al reported in the journal of Nature in 2005 that beta-lactam antibiotics such as ceftriaxone (Cef) could increase the expression of GLT-1 and its glutamate uptake.Therefore,the present study was undertaken to observe influences of Cef on spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia and changes of spinal GLT-1 expression in the process of acute inflammatory and chronic neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia induced by subcutaneous Bee venom (BV) injection into the plantar surface of the hindpaw,and chronic constriction injury(CCI) of sciatic nerve,respectively,in rats.