Dissemination of circulating tumour cells(CTCs)to potential metastatic sites mostly occurs in the circulation system.Current chemotherapeutics that were originally designed to kill highly proliferating carcinoma cells are ineffective in targeting low proliferating CTCs in the blood of cancer survivors who face the threat of cancer metastasis.Traditional cancer nanotechnology approaches that typically combine a post-metastatic chemotherapeutic with a single antibody-coated nanomaterial have not shown effectiveness in preventing and treating cancer metastasis.