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热液喷口通常沿着洋中脊和弧后盆地等构造环境的扩张中心分布,是海水下渗过程中形成一种酸性、还原性和富含金属的流体上涌形成。热液流体喷出海底后,形成的氧化还原条件和p H梯度有利于硫化物、氧化物的沉淀和微生物的生长,微生物运用氧化还原梯度获取新陈代谢所需的能量(Jannasch,1995)。还原性的Fe2+离子是热液流体中喷出的一种常见的金属离子,这种离子通过热液与周围氧化性海水接触后被氧化成Fe3+,之后经历水解作用和沉淀作用形成结晶度差的Fe氧羟化物
Hydrothermal vents are usually distributed along the expansion centers of tectonic environments such as mid-ocean ridge and back-arc basin, forming an acid, reductive and metal-rich fluid upwelling during sea infiltration. The formation of redox conditions and p H gradients favor the precipitation of sulphides, oxides and the growth of microbes after hydrothermal fluids are sprayed out of the ocean floor. Microbes use redox gradients to obtain the energy required for metabolism (Jannasch, 1995). Reducing Fe2 + is a common metal ion ejected from a hydrothermal fluid. This ion is oxidized to Fe3 + by contact with the surrounding oxidizing seawater after hydrothermal reaction, and then undergoes hydrolysis and precipitation to form poor crystallinity Fe oxyhydroxide