Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of severe congenital malformations resulting from the failure of neurulation.Neurogenesis leads to the formation of the neural tube through neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation, as well as neuron migration, maturation, and integration.High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear and extracellular protein that is implicated in the development and progression of neurulation.