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Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) are essential to the activities of type Ⅰ/Ⅱ polyketide synthases (PKSs) and non ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) through converting acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) in PKSs and peptidyl carrier proteins (PCPs) in NRPSs from inactive apo-forms into active holo-forms, leading to biosynthesis of polyketides and non ribosomal peptides.