The pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the study of variations of DNA and RNA characteristics as related to drug response.The pharmacogenetics (PGt) is the study of variations in DNA sequence as related to drug response which is a subset of pharmacogenomics (PGx).The aim of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics is to elucidate functionally relevant genomic determinants for drug metabolism, transport and response in order to optimize drug therapy including therapy response prediction, appropriate drug selection and therapy individualization based on the patients genomic profile.Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics has evolved from the study of single candidate genes to large-scale genome-wide strategies.Results from recent pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomic investigations in a number of diseases hold promise to improve therapy for these diseases and can serve as a model to improve drug therapy in many other major disease as well.This lecture is to describe recent advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics and discuss challenges related to translating this knowledge into personalized medicine for the drug treatment in clinic.