亚太地区恐怖主义中女性的角色:运用交叉性别理论视角

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Since the start of the 21st century,women’s involvement in Terrorism has increased day by day.The Asia Pacific has been regarded as the most dangerous continent on the earth with various terrorism activities and insurgent groups.Evidence has suggested that some of the major terrorist organizations have been undertaking and involving women at different agendas.For instance,ISIS is recruiting women as mothers who educate their children to join the militants,and some are recruited as suicide bombers.Women have traditionally been seen as more nurturing,non-violent,and maternal figures.The rising prevalence of women who support and commit acts of Terrorism has different yet noteworthy facets:being soldiers,mothers,potential recruits,and victims(Mahmood 2017).In several studies,women’s position has been related to Terrorism,but the explanation for this is rarely considered(Jacques and Taylor 2008).To study Terrorism collectively is essential and the intersectionality theory aims to explain how different social strata affect one another.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees the rights for all,disregarding one’s personal or religious affiliations Racism and racial inequality have permeated the countries around the globe with varying degrees of intensity.United Nations(2000)describes intersectionality as multiple discrimination that leads to socioeconomic inequities,cultural stereotyping,and other constraints that influence the community(United Nations 2000).Social categories,including race,class,gender,ethnicity,and sexual orientation(Atewologun 2018).Often,intersectionality discusses the constantly evolving landscape in the modern world.However,it results in a shift in social behaviour that addresses societal justice,insights,and reforms to better society(Case,Iuzzini and Hopkins 2012).According to the authors Sutcliffe and Lee(2018),an intersectional approach to studying Terrorism offers a more in-depth understanding of social inequalities between women and menThe current literature on terrorism is comprehensive and is focused on women as victims of violence.Following the 9/11 attack,the number of casualties has risen dramatically.It is estimated that many women and girls have been and military forces in these areas have sexually exploited girls.All the attention during the war focused on finding and defeating the terrorists,while human rights abuses were overlooked entirely.This involves children and the elderly.The War on Terrorism has dramatically impacted people,particularly women and children.It is also important to mention the continuing war and efforts against Terrorism because it has intensified gender-based violence in war-torn countries,including Iraq and Afghanistan.Despite border controls,the rate of human trafficking and abuses has remained constant.For the analysis,various terrorist attacks from the Asia Pacific were selected and analysed.Among the Sri Lankan Easter attack was a significant incident in the recent history of Asia Pacific.The purpose of the terrorist attack was to go after Christians and visitors.Many of the attacks on civilians were a surprise to those outside the nation and people within the nation(Gunasingham 2019).Another Case selected for the study is the Indonesian Cathedral Church Incident.People were killed in two blasts just outside the Roman Catholic cathedral in the southern Philippines,and nearly 50 others were wounded.The first incident was carried out for Sunday Mass.A second assault occurred several minutes after the first attack had subsided(Chaider,Sahrasad and Tabrani2019).As Sjoberg(2009)described,women,have played a range of roles in Terrorism,ranging from being active in bringing Terrorism into being to propagating it to leading its various aspects.The study also revealed that the intersectionality of women’s identity plays an essential role in participation in terrorism activities.These include gender,socio-economic status,society,religion,class and ethnicity play a vital role in framing the women to be insurgents in a terrorist group.When women become active in national security matters,the agenda is often improved.This thesis paves the way for future studies on intersectionality and Terrorism.It was clear from the findings that women’s participation in surgeries was increasing worldwide;therefore,better and more efficient participation of women was required to prevent terrorist activity.As mothers and daughters,women have an essential role in attempts to counter-terrorism in different ways.Based on the study,it is concluded that providing a gender-based mechanism is crucial in terrorism research and analysis.A global framework is required for research and appraisal of Terrorism.Since conflict and individual experience differ a lot from country to country,a collaborative approach is needed.This study sheds light on the importance of researching Terrorism concerning intersectionality.
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