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中国现代学科是在晚清西学东渐的大潮中,在学习、借鉴乃至移植西方现代学术话语和学科规范的过程中逐渐建立的。中国传统文化学术体系中没有西方严格定义上的自然科学和人文社会科学概念,其思想散见于经、史、子、集等典籍中。因此,中国现代学科的建立一方面是中国传统学科向现代转型的结果,另一方面也是借鉴、移植西方学科的结果。在此过程中,以归国留学生为主体的知识分子起到了决定性的作用。他们既是西学东渐的产物,也是继传教士之后西学东渐的传播主体,是创建中国现代学科的主体。由于他们的努力,中国现代学科体制建设在五四以后的15年左右时间里得以完成。同时,中国现代学术体系也得以形成。
In the tide of the gradual progress of western learning in the late Qing dynasty, modern Chinese subjects were gradually established in the course of studying, borrowing and even transplanting the western modern academic discourse and disciplinary norms. There is no concept of natural science and humanities and social science strictly defined in the West in the academic system of traditional Chinese culture. Its ideology is found in the books of classics, history, children and books. Therefore, the establishment of China’s modern discipline is a result of the transformation of traditional Chinese disciplines to modernity on the one hand, and the borrowing from the other by Western disciplines. In the process, the intellectuals, mainly composed of returned overseas students, played a decisive role. They are not only the product of the gradual progress of Western learning, but also the main body of spreading of western learning after the missionaries and the main body of creating modern Chinese subjects. Due to their efforts, the system construction of modern Chinese disciplines has been completed in about 15 years after the May Fourth Movement. At the same time, China’s modern academic system has also been formed.