篇章结构

来源 :高考进行时·高三英语 | 被引量 : 0次 | 上传用户:xfcll
下载到本地 , 更方便阅读
声明 : 本文档内容版权归属内容提供方 , 如果您对本文有版权争议 , 可与客服联系进行内容授权或下架
论文部分内容阅读
  说明文是一种解说事物、阐明事理的一种文章体裁。其目的在于给人以科学的知识和科学的认识事物的方法。它通过一定的表述来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般通过介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能,解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性和用途很广,它常包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。
  说明文的基本特点是文章的解说性,即无论是对实体事物的说明,还是对抽象事理的说明,都为层层解说,步步深入、使读者得到一个清晰的认识。为此。我们可以通过说明文的篇章结构,作为解题的突破口。
  一、 仔细阅读首句 准确把握主题
  说明文,往往一开始便直接点题,阐述本文将要说明的事或物。而完形填空的短文,为了便于读者了解本文的将叙述的内容。首句是不设空的。这一点,正可作为我们解题的突破口,故要认真阅读短文的首句,正确把握主题信息。
  例1—1 (2006年安徽卷)
  【文章大意】 该文介绍电视电话购物的这一新的购物方法。过去通常购物需到商店去的,而在信息时代,不离开家就可以购物了。通过消费者、商家以及专家对电视电话购物方式的态度和观点,使读者对电视电话购物这一新兴事物有了更深刻的了解。
  Have you ever had to decide whether to go shopping or stay home and watch TV on a weekend? Now you 36 do both at the same time.Home shopping television networks(网络) have become a 37 for many people to shop without 38 having to leave their homes.
  36. A. must
  B. should
  C. shall
  D. can
  37. A. programme
  B. way
  C. reason
  D. purpose
  
  38. A. ever
  B. never
  C. still
  D. once
  【简析】文章结构简洁,在第一句话以问句的形式(疑问句更能引起读者的好奇心和关注)提出了问题,即本文将要表述的内容。Have you ever had to decide whether to go shopping or stay home and watch TV on a weekend? 直截了当提出购物的两种方式 “…or…?”
  36. D 首句中的ever与本句的now的对比也可以看出选D,can表示能力或可能。
  37. B 电视购物是购物的一种“方式”,稍有常识便可知它而不是programme、reason,也不是purpose。
  38. A 副词ever用于条件句和否定句(此处的without表示否定),意思是“任何时候, 无论何时”,用来加强语气,可以看出这种购物方式过去是不敢想的事情,但如今却成了现实。
  例1—2 (2004年辽宁卷)
  【文章大意】 世界上可用水(usablewater)的水量是人们极为关注的问题,由于可用水越来越少,人们在不断地想办法以求找到更多的可用水的水源。这篇文章会告诉你可用水的最大的来源会在哪里。
  The amount of usable water has always been of great interest in the world. 36 springs and streams sometimes means control, particularly in the 37 areas like the desert. The control is possible even without possession of large areas of 38 land. In the early days of the American West, gun fights were not 39 for the water resources (资源). And laws had to be 40 to protect the water rights of the 41 and the use of the water resources accordingly.
  36. A. Using
  B. Holding
  C. Owning
  D. Finding
  37. A. dry
  B. distant
  C. deserted
  D. wild
  38. A. fine
  B. beautiful
  C. rich
  D. farming
  39. A. unlawful
  B. unacceptable
  C. unpopular
  D. uncommon
  40. A. made
  B. designed
  C. signed
  D. written
  41. A. winners
  B. settlers
  C. fighters
  D. supporters
  【简析】 短文的第一句简明扼要,直接提出usable water这是世 人一直关注的事情。
  36. C use用,利用; find找到,发现;hold把握, 支持,表示对某物 的占有在手;own拥有,持有,指某物已成为自己的。
  37. A 基本常识运用。在象沙漠一样的干燥的(dry)地区,更要控制而珍惜水,这与沙漠的干燥无水相关而与遥远(distant),荒芜(deserted)和野性(wild)无关。
  38. C 基本常识运用。即使在没有大面积的耕作的(farming)农田需要灌溉的地方,也需要控制珍惜水。耕地农田需要水,水与农田肥沃密切相关。
  39. D 在美国人开发西部的那个时候,为争夺水资源而进行枪战的情况并非不是很常见的(uncommon)。双重否定,实为肯定(是常见的.)unlawful 非法的;unacceptable 无法接受的;unpopular 不流行的;uncommon 罕有的,难得的。
  40. A 人们不是写(write),设计(uncommon),签署(sign)法律,而是不得不制定(make)法律来保护用水的权力。
  41. B 需用水的自然是定居者,移民,开拓者(settlers)的权力,而非他人如获胜者,战士或支持者的权力。
  二、 把握解说线脉 运用基本常识
  说明文的叙说事理,其写作特点为语言简练,易懂,层层解说,步步深入;同时它还更多地要利用人们已有的基本常识来阐述,为此,我们解题时 要学会“抽丝剥茧”步步深入,运用自己的已有基本常识来理解和解题。
  
  例2—1 (2006安徽卷)
  Some shoppers are 39 of department stores and supermarkets— 40 the crowds, waiting in long lines, and sometimes 41 of finding anything they want to buy. They’d rather sit quietly at home in front of the TV set and 42 a friendly announcer describe a product 43 a model shows it. And they can 44 around the clock, buying something 45 by making a phone call.
  Department stores and even mail-under companies are 46 to join in the success of home shopping. Large department stores are busy 47 their own TV channels(频道)to encourage TV shopping in the future. 48 can ask questions about products and place 49 , all through their TV sets.
  Will shopping by television 50 take the place of shopping in stores? Some industry managers think so. 51 many people find shopping at a___52___store a great enjoyment. And for many shoppers, it is still important to 53 or try on dresses they want to buy. That’s 54 specialists say that in the future, home shopping will 55 together with store shopping but will never entirely replace (取代) it.
  39. A. proud
  B. fond
  C. tired
  D. careful
  40. A. fighting
  B. striking
  C. treating
  D. stopping
  41. A. sense
  B. doubt
  C. hope
  D. feeling
  42. A. see
  B. watch
  C. let
  D. notice
  43. A. until
  B. since
  C. if
  D. while
  44. A. shop
  B. wait
  C. turn
  D. deliver
  45. A. suitably
  B. cheaply
  C. simply
  D. hardly
  46. A. nervous
  B. lucky
  C. equal
  D. eager
  47. A. putting up
  B. making up
  C. setting up
  D. looking up
  48. A. Guests
  B. Assistants
  C. Managers
  D. Customers
  49. A. orders
  B. goods
  C. books
  D. answers
  50. A. lastly
  B. finally
  C. especially
  D. fortunately
  51. A. Then
  B. Yet
  C. However
  D. Therefore
  52. A. general
  B. popular
  C. real
  D. true
  53. A. design
  B. make
  C. wear
  D. touch
  54. A. how
  B. why
  C. what
  D. when
  55. A. exist
  B. practise
  D. follow
  D. appear
  【简析】 短文的第二段说明顾客对电视购物的反应,第三段说明商家对电视购物的反应,最后一段说明商家、顾客和专家对电视购物的不同反应,让读者更加理性地看待电视购物。层次分明。
  39. C 外出购物多劳累是大部分人的感受。短语be tired of意为 “厌倦,厌烦”,根据下文所提供的情景(fighting)the crowds, waiting in long lines可判断出有些购物者对出门去商店或超市购物感到厌倦或厌烦。其余均不合题意。
  40. A fight意为“搏斗,争斗”,既可指为某一目标而斗争,除也可指真刀真枪地搏斗或打架,还可指打斗中打、踏、拉、推等动作。指人们与人群、排长队而进行的争斗。
  41. C hope意为“希望”,指盼望得到好的或有利的结果。
  42. B 电视购物,即为watch TV。
  43. D while引导时间状语从句,表示“当……的时候;和……同时”,表示与主句谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,即一边看模特演出(或样品的展示),一边听播音员对产品的介绍。
  44. A shop 动词 意为“购物”。根据所提供的情景buying something可判断出一边看电视,一边购物。注意,around the clock 意为“24 小时。”
  45. C simply意为“仅仅”,表示仅仅通过打个电话就可以购买到东西意为简单方便。其余均不合题意。
  46. D 短语be eager to sth.意为“渴望做某事”。
  47. C set up意为 “建立”。put up意为“建设”,指建造、搭起,大多指工程较小的施工。make up意为“编造”。look up意为“(在词典等上)查找”。
  48. D 对于商家而言, 购物者是customer,这篇短文讲述的是电视电话购物,所以应该是顾客可以询问有关产品的问题。
  49. A 固定搭配 place orders意为“订货”,表示通过电视进行订购货物。goods意为“货物”,其谓语应为buy。
  50. B finally意为“最终”。lastly意为“最后;终于”,主要指次序的最后,多用于列举,常用于句首,常跟有逗号。especially意为“特别地”。fortunately意为“幸运地”。
  51. B yet意为“然而”,表示两个句子之间是转折对比关系。however表示“然而”时,要用逗号与句子隔开。therefore意为“因此”。
  52. C real意为“真实的,真正的”。general意为“一般的,综合的,通用的”。popular意为“流行的”。true意为“真实的,真正的”,与虚假的相对。
  53. D 去“触摸”和“感受” they want to buy的衣物或try on dresses。这是电视购物所无法实现的。design意为“设计”。make意为“制造”。
  54. B why引导表语从句,意为“为什么”。
  55. A exist意为“存在”,指人或物客观存在,强调真实性。practise意为“实践;实施”。follow意为“跟着,跟随;接着,跟着发生”。appear意为“出现”,均不合题意。
  
  巩固练习
  1.1 is known to us all, there is not 2 water in all places for everyone to use as much as he likes. Deciding on the 3 of water that will be used in any particular period 4 careful planning, so that people can manage and use water more 5 . Farmers have to change their use of or demand for water___6___the water supply forecast (预报).
  The 7 water supply forecast is based more on the water from the 8 than from the below. Interest is 9 in the ways to increase rainfall by man-made methods, and to get water from the winter snow on mountain 10 . With special equipment, some scientists are studying the ways in which the mountain snow can be 11 , and with the help of a repeater station, they send the 12 data (数据) to the base station. The operator at the base station can get the data at any time by___13___a button. In the near future, the forecast and use of water___14___probably depend on the advanced knowledge of snow on mountains, not of water underground.
  1. A. That
  B. It
  C. What
  D. As
  2. A. plentiful
  B. enough
  C. any
  D. much
  3. A. type
  B. quality
  C. amount
  D. level
  4. A. requests
  B. requires
  C. means
  D. suggests
  5. A. effectively
  B. easily
  C. conveniently
  D. actively
  6. A. leading to
  B. due to
  C. owing to
  D. according to
  7. A. correct
  B. further
  C. average
  D. early
  8. A. clouds
  B. sky
  C. air
  D. above
  9. A. raising
  B. rising
  C. building
  D. lasting
  10. A. rocks
  B. tips
  C. tops
  D. trees
  11. A. taken care of
  B. made use of
  C. piled up
  D. saved up
  12. A. picked
  B. produced
  C. used
  D. gathered
  13. A. touching
  B. knocking
  C. pressing
  D. turning
  14. A. might
  B. can
  C. will
  D. should
  【简析】 短文的第一段说明水量的不足需适时适量用水,第二段说明人们为扩大水源而想尽办法。
  1. D 句法结构 As is known to us all…就像我们都知道的一样,as引导方式状语从句;如用what则应为What is known to us all is that…,what引导名词性从句;如用that和it,则应为It is known to us all that…,it作形式主语,that引导从句作实际主语。
  2. B 基本常识运用。事实上,在所有的地方,都没有水多到足(enough)以让每个人为所欲为地使用。词义辨析plentiful和much均可以表示“许多的, 大量的”的意思,但没有限定标准;enough足够的,充足的,只够做……的;any不符合常识。
  3. C 本文所述的都是水量。句首的The amount of usable water 已有所暗示。词义辨析:type类型,种类;样式;quality质量,品质,性质;amount数额,数量;level水准,标准。
  4. B 词义比较。要决定某一特定时期水的使用量就需要(require)细致的计划。request 请求,邀请;require需要,要求;means意味着,想要;suggest建议,暗示。
  5. A 基本常识运用及词义比较。因为全文讲述水量的问题,人们要更加有效地(effectively)使用水而非容易地(easily),方便地(conveniently),或积极地(actively)使用。
  6. D 基本常识运用。农民必须根据(according to)水供应预报来改变他们对水的使用方式和对水的需求。leading to通向,导致;due to由于,应归于;owing to因为,由于;according to依照,根据。
  妒忌者对别人是烦恼,对他们自己却是折磨。(佩恩)
  7. A 基本常识运用。水供应预报应该是准确无误的(correct)而不应该是早期的(early),一般的(average)的情况,也无所谓更进一步(further)。
  8. D 基本常识运用。准确的水供应预报的依据不是来自于地下的水的情况,而更多的是来自于由空气(air),云朵(clouds),天空(sky)等造成的情况。
  9. B 词义辨析。人们对利用人造方法增加降雨的方式表现出越来越多、日益高涨(rise)的兴趣。raise提高,使上升,及物动词,后需跟宾语;build建筑,营造(物);last持久,永久,不及物动词;rise上升,上涨,增加,不及物动词。
  10. C 基本常识运用。冬天的积雪应该主要是在山顶(top)上,而不仅仅在岩石(rock),树木(tree)和山尖(tip)上。rock岩石;tree 树木;tip顶, 尖端,末端;top顶部,上部。
  11. B 逻辑推理。科学家正在研究如何利用(make use of)在山顶上积雪的方法。
  12. D 基本常识运用及固定搭配。他们利用转发站,把搜集到的(gathered)数据转发到基地本部。
  13. C 基本常识运用。本部的工作人员只需按一下按钮就可以得到数据。Button是需按按钮的。
  14. C 句尾的in the near future暗示“在不远的将来”,水供应的预报和水的使用将(will)很可能依赖的是人们对高山积雪的认识,而不是对地下水的了解。
  高考真题大练兵(上海2001春(A))
  2.
  People wear hats for three main reasons: protection, communication, and decoration. Protection. People first began to wear hats to 1 themselves from the climate. In hot, sunny climates, wide-edged hats provide 2 from the sun. In cold climates, people often wear wool hats. In some regions, people wear a variety of protective hats,___3___the season. They may wear a wool hat in winter, a rain hat in spring or fall and a wide-edged hat in summer. Hats also provide protection in certain 4 . Construction workers, footbal1 players, military personnel, and people in many other fields wear metal or plastic helmets(头盔) for protection from 5 . Communication. Hats can communicate various things about the people who wear them. The hats of coal miners, cowboys and firemen indicate the wearer’s 6 . Students may wear a mortarboard(学位帽) to show they are graduating from high school in college.
  Decoration. Most people wear a hat that they believe makes them look attractive, 7 the hat’s main purpose may be protection or communication. Many protective hats are attractive and stylish. Even the caps of police officers and military personnel are designed to 8 the wearer’s appearance. Certain decorative hats are worn as a(n) 9 . In Scotland, for example, people wear a cap called a tam-o’-shanter that is part of their national costume(服装). Many people change their style of hat from time to time because they feel more 10 when keeping up with the latest fashion.
  1. A. defend
  B. protect
  C. prevent
  D. hide
  2. A. shade
  B. shadow
  C. security
  D. cover
  3. A. resulting from
  B. basing upon
  C. relating to
  D. depending on
  4. A. seasons
  B. climates
  C. activities
  D. communities
  5. A. injury
  B. destruction
  C. harm
  D. pollution
  6. A. experience
  B. occupation
  C. personality
  D. education
  7. A. as
  B. unless
  C. though
  D. because
  8. A. change
  B. increase
  C. display
  D. improve
  9. A. tradition
  B. label
  C. honour
  D. fashion
  10. A. sociable
  B. informal
  C. attractive
  D. noble
  【参考答案】
  说明:人们戴帽子出于三种考虑:(1) 防护:防寒,防晒,安全保护;(2) 交流:不同身份的人们戴不同帽子;(3) 装饰:人们的帽子都有装饰的作用。
  1. B protect sb. from… 保护……免受……伤害。上下文有暗示。
  2. A 宽檐帽子可以给人们提供阴影(防晒)。
  3. D depend on依靠,根据……而定。
  4. C 根据下文的介绍可以分析出此处应该是“活动,活动范围”。
  5. A 上文提到的几种情况都是为了使戴帽子的人免受伤害——以防事故造成的。
  6. B 既然有交流的目的,再加上下文的举例,此处可以分析出帽子也象征着一个人的职业。
  7. C 根据上下句,“虽然人们戴帽子的目的可能是保护或者交流,但是,他们都戴让他们看起来好看的帽子。”
  8. D 根据上文可以知道此处为“改进提高”。
  9. A 根据下文介绍Scotland人们的做法可以知道这是一种传统。
  10. C 上文两次提到attractive,应该是一种明显的暗示。
  (作者:杨定生,南京市第四中学)
其他文献
BEIJING—When it comes to luxury goods, Chinese consumers are now more pricesensitive than in the early days when luxury stores were new to the mainland.  “They now make themselves heard and do not ho
期刊
The growth of the Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology runs parallel to that of the country’s fashion industry. Gan Tian reports.  The music stops, and someone angrily howls at 18yearold Hu Naiyu
期刊
The Chinese newyear is ahead.One of the largest occassion celebrated both in China and rest of the world where Chinese people living.Me and my family(non Chinese)also celebrate the day and take Chines
期刊
英语,比较结构大家都比较熟悉。但是下面这些形式跟意义不怎么一致的特殊比较结构你会用吗?  1. less than 不到,少于……  The professor has stayed here less than a week. 教授在这儿住了不到一周。  He lived for less than four years in Nanjing before he came here. 他来这儿
期刊
英语中,所谓主谓一致,就是指主语和谓语的一致性。主语和谓语一致也是指谓语动词与作主语的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。一般说来,我们可以把主谓一致分为:语法一致,意义一致和就近一致三种情况。  主谓一致是中学英语的重要语法,也是高考的重要考点。现将近年来,全国各高考试题中有关主谓一致的考查点归纳总结如下:    热点一:考查整体中的部分作主语  【高考真题】  例1 (2011年湖南卷)One-t
期刊
一、 连词when的用法  【高考题例】  1. (2011年浙江卷)One Friday,we were packing to leave for a weekend away_______my daughter beard cries for help.    A.after  B.while  C.since  D.when  分析:D。本题考查状语从句。此处表示“就在这时,突然
期刊
一、 动词get的用法  英语中,动词get 可以作为及物动词,也可以作为不及物动词,过去式或过去分词是 got,现在分词是getting。中学阶段要掌握的意思比较多。现总结如下:  (1) 得到,收到  Did your brother get any compensation when he was dismissed from their jobs? 你哥哥被解雇时有没有得到赔偿费?  D
期刊
Part One 单词专讲  1. perform  【分析】动词perform的意思是“演出,表现”。如:perform a dangerous operation 施行一项危险的手术;perform an experiment 做实验;perform one’s promise 履行承诺。  One should always perform what he promises. 说了就应当
期刊
1. be doing/be about to do/had done…, when…(when:这时, 强调一个动作的突然发生)  (1) I was walking along the river, when I heard a drowning boy cry for help.  (2) I was about to leave when it began to rain
期刊
Ⅰ. 单项填空  1.Not having a good________of English can be a serious obstacle to achieving your goals.  A. demand  B. appreciation  C. experience  D. command  2.(2011·天津,1)We feel________our duty to make o
期刊