经历明清易代的汉人,往往因政治立场而被划分为烈士、遗民和贰臣三类,并因此受到时人与后世的景仰、尊重或谴责。尽管这三类人在政治选择上不尽相同,但在文化认同上却有着诸多相近之处——沉重的家国之痛,以及悲叹历史兴旺的感伤情调。明清易代之际的“贰臣”现象一直是当时及后世被人反复说道的话题,而揣摩 Han Chinese, who experienced the Ming and Qing dynasties, were often divided into three categories of martyrs, descendants and second clerics because of their political stance, and were therefore admired or respected or condemned by people and later generations. Although all three groups differ in political choices, there are many similarities in cultural identities - the pain of a heavy homeland and the sentiment of lamenting history. The occasion of the Ming and Qing Dynasties “Erchen ” phenomenon has been the subject of repeated then and later say, and try to figure out