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动词不定式在英语语法中是重要的板块之一，在中考及实际运用中都占有很大的比重。
在一个英语句子中有且只能有一个动词作为谓语出现，但要在一个句子中表达两个动作时，可以采动词不定式方式来表达。动词不定式是“to +动词原形” 构成的一种非谓语动词结构，有时to 可以省略。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独做谓语，但可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语或单独使用。不定式中的动词可以有它自己的宾语和状语，并和这些成分构成不定式短语，现将其用法简要归纳如下：
一、不定式做主语
英语中，可以把动词不定式直接放在句首做主语，但这种情况很少，多数情况是用it 做形式主语，把真正的主语——动词不定式放在句末，尤其是不定式短语较长时。当动词不定式在句子中做主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数。带疑问词的不定式短语做主语时，常置于句首。动词不定式做主语，其位置有以下两种：
1.不定式置于句首。例如：
To teach English is my happiness.
2.用it做形式主语，把真正的主语——不定式置于句末，常用于下列句式中。例如：
①It + be + 名词 + to do sth.
It’s our duty to make a contribution to protecting our environment.
②It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.
It takes me five days to finish reading the book.
③It + be + 形容词 + for sb. + to do sth.
It is very interesting for us to play games in our English class.
④It + be + 形容词 + of sb. + to do sth.
It is very kind of you to help us.
⑤It seems + 形容词 + to do sth.
It seems difficult to write the composition better than before.
注：以结构③为例，常用来表示客观情况的形容词有：interesting, popular, impossible, hard, important, easy, necessary， difficult 等；以结构④为例，常用clever, nice, foolish, good, careless, honest, kind, lazy, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。不定式前的sb.可看做其逻辑主语。这一句式相当于sb. + be + 形容词 + to do sth. ，如：It’s kind of you to help us with the housework.=You are kind to help us with the housework.
二、不定式做宾语
宾语，是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者，可由不定式来担任。
1.以下动词可以接带to的动词不定式做宾语。如：hope, wish, would like, want, love, learn, decide, expect, pretend, prefer, know, agree, ask, choose...例如：
I hope to go to college one day.
He pretends to give me some advice.
We all agreed to climb that hill that day.
You can choose to write.
My friend always wanted to do something new.
2.动词不定式可以和疑问代词或疑问副词what, which, when, where, how或介词结构 on等连用, 构成不定式复合结构，常用于tell, show, know,
teach, learn, explain, remember, forget 等词后做宾语。（但是why后的不定式不带to。)例如：
Did you know where to go?
Can you tell me what to do next?
It gives me a lot of advice on how to do it.
3.动词make, think, find, feel 等词后面可以用it做形式宾语来代替句子真正的宾语——动词不定式，其结构为：
...make /think /find /feel ...it + adj./n.+to do sth. ...
I find it easy to understand the problem.
三、不定式做表语
不定式可放在be 动词之后，形成表语，不定式做表语表示具体动作或将来的动作。例如：
My job is to teach English.
What I would suggest is to stop him going to these net bars.
四、不定式做定语
不定式在句中做定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。例如：
I have some books to read.
to read 在这里是修饰前面的名词books 的。
Do you have anything to tell him?
不定式在这里是修饰前面的代词anything的。
Would you please give me a room to live in?
不定式在这里是修饰前面的名词room 的。
五、不定式做宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求接宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。常要求不定式做宾补的动词有：allow, tell, expect, suppose, ask, advise, invite, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, would like, order, permit, persuade, teach, want, warn, wish等。例如：
He invited me to go shopping with him.
My English teacher often teaches us to make dialogues in an easy way.
Students should be allowed to make mistakes in reading English.
在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词后接不定式做补语时，不带to，但是在被动语态中to要还原。常见的动词有：一感feel； 二听hear /listen to； 三让make /let /have； 四看see /look at /watch /observe。例如：
They make me complete the work 2 hours every day. (make sb. do sth.)
I heard him come here yesterday. （hear sb. do sth. ）
He was seen to stand in next room. （被动语态带to ）
六、不定式做状语
⒈做目的状语
I went there to（in order to /so as to）see what will happen.(to do /in order to /so as to 用于句子末尾时，可以互换，但是置于句首时，用to do /in order to , 一般不用so as to。)例如：
He worked very hard to change his life.
2.做原因状语
其结构为sb. +be +adj. to do sth.例如：
They are very happy to come to my party.
I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could read so well.
3.做结果状语
当一个句子中有too或enough时，（too...to ;enough...to 结构中），常用不定式来做结果状语。例如：
You are never too old to enjoy a Christmas stocking.
But there were not enough people to pick them.
但在下列结构中，too...to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。例如：
I’m only too glad to have passed the exam.
We have too much to learn.
too在两个句子中相当于very。
专项练习
1.Don’t forget ________ the cat.
A. to look afterB. look after
C. looked afterD. being look after
2.The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________.
A. sitB. sit onC. be satD. be sat on
3. Is ______ necessary to return the book tomorrow?
A. this B. that C. itD. which
4. I’m afraid they would not allow him _____ here.
A. to smokeB. smoking C. smokes D. smoke
5.Mother told me ______ the water before I drank it.
A. boiling B. boiled C. boil D. to boil
6.On my way home, I stopped _______ some food.
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought
7.John was madethe car for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washingC. wash D. to be washing
8.The sitting-room needs _______, but it’ll have to wait until Saturday.
A. be cleaning B. to be cleaned
C. clean D. being cleaned
9.The first thing I want to do is __________.
A. visit to himB. to visit him
C. visiting himD. visited him
10.Li Yang advised me _______ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk.
A. not to drinkB. to drink
C. not drinkingD. drinking
11.They would not allow him _____across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go
C. for risk to goD. risk going
12.I saw him _______ out of the room.
A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
13.Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
14.There’re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _____ to buy.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
15.“ Have you decided when _____________?”“ Yes, tomorrow morning.”
A. to leave B. to be leaving
C. will you leave D. are you leaving
16.Last summer I took a course on ________.
A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be made
C. how made dressesD. to made dresses how
17.Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be takenB. to take
C. being taken D. taking
18.Tom kept quiet about the accident _____ lose his job.
A. so not as toB. so as not to
C. so as to notD. not so as to
19.He said he would rather not _______ it right now.
A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing
20.I prefer ____ rather than ______.
A. read;watch B. to read；watch
C. reading； to watch D. to read； to watch
参考答案
1. A. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事。forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事。
2. B. 后面是可以加上chair的，但为了避免重复省掉了the chair，变成sit on，其中on不能省。
3. C. it为形式主语。
4. A.结构为 allow sb. to do sth.
5. D.结构为tell sb. to do sth.
6. B. stop to do sth. 停下，去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。
7. A. make sb. do 在被动语态中为be made to do
8. B. need to be done与need doing皆为“需要被做”之意。
9. B.不定式结构做表语。
10. A.不定式的否定式：advise sb. not to do sth.
11.A. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事；risk doing sth. 冒险做某事。
12. A. see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事。
13.B.被动语态的make 后带to。
14.B. which 用于一定范围中的“哪一个”， 此处做buy的宾语。
15.B.when + to do 做decide的宾语，若用when引导宾语从句，用陈述句语序。
16.A.句型...on + 疑问词 + to do
17.A.should love to be taken to...意为“愿意被带去……”
19.A. on + 疑问词 + to do
18.B. so as not to do sth.
19.C. would rather not do sth. 宁愿不做某事。
20.B.prefer to do sth.rather than do sth. 意为“宁愿做……而不愿做……”
编辑/丁俊玲
在一个英语句子中有且只能有一个动词作为谓语出现，但要在一个句子中表达两个动作时，可以采动词不定式方式来表达。动词不定式是“to +动词原形” 构成的一种非谓语动词结构，有时to 可以省略。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独做谓语，但可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语或单独使用。不定式中的动词可以有它自己的宾语和状语，并和这些成分构成不定式短语，现将其用法简要归纳如下：
一、不定式做主语
英语中，可以把动词不定式直接放在句首做主语，但这种情况很少，多数情况是用it 做形式主语，把真正的主语——动词不定式放在句末，尤其是不定式短语较长时。当动词不定式在句子中做主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数。带疑问词的不定式短语做主语时，常置于句首。动词不定式做主语，其位置有以下两种：
1.不定式置于句首。例如：
To teach English is my happiness.
2.用it做形式主语，把真正的主语——不定式置于句末，常用于下列句式中。例如：
①It + be + 名词 + to do sth.
It’s our duty to make a contribution to protecting our environment.
②It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.
It takes me five days to finish reading the book.
③It + be + 形容词 + for sb. + to do sth.
It is very interesting for us to play games in our English class.
④It + be + 形容词 + of sb. + to do sth.
It is very kind of you to help us.
⑤It seems + 形容词 + to do sth.
It seems difficult to write the composition better than before.
注：以结构③为例，常用来表示客观情况的形容词有：interesting, popular, impossible, hard, important, easy, necessary， difficult 等；以结构④为例，常用clever, nice, foolish, good, careless, honest, kind, lazy, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。不定式前的sb.可看做其逻辑主语。这一句式相当于sb. + be + 形容词 + to do sth. ，如：It’s kind of you to help us with the housework.=You are kind to help us with the housework.
二、不定式做宾语
宾语，是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者，可由不定式来担任。
1.以下动词可以接带to的动词不定式做宾语。如：hope, wish, would like, want, love, learn, decide, expect, pretend, prefer, know, agree, ask, choose...例如：
I hope to go to college one day.
He pretends to give me some advice.
We all agreed to climb that hill that day.
You can choose to write.
My friend always wanted to do something new.
2.动词不定式可以和疑问代词或疑问副词what, which, when, where, how或介词结构 on等连用, 构成不定式复合结构，常用于tell, show, know,
teach, learn, explain, remember, forget 等词后做宾语。（但是why后的不定式不带to。)例如：
Did you know where to go?
Can you tell me what to do next?
It gives me a lot of advice on how to do it.
3.动词make, think, find, feel 等词后面可以用it做形式宾语来代替句子真正的宾语——动词不定式，其结构为：
...make /think /find /feel ...it + adj./n.+to do sth. ...
I find it easy to understand the problem.
三、不定式做表语
不定式可放在be 动词之后，形成表语，不定式做表语表示具体动作或将来的动作。例如：
My job is to teach English.
What I would suggest is to stop him going to these net bars.
四、不定式做定语
不定式在句中做定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。例如：
I have some books to read.
to read 在这里是修饰前面的名词books 的。
Do you have anything to tell him?
不定式在这里是修饰前面的代词anything的。
Would you please give me a room to live in?
不定式在这里是修饰前面的名词room 的。
五、不定式做宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求接宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。常要求不定式做宾补的动词有：allow, tell, expect, suppose, ask, advise, invite, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, would like, order, permit, persuade, teach, want, warn, wish等。例如：
He invited me to go shopping with him.
My English teacher often teaches us to make dialogues in an easy way.
Students should be allowed to make mistakes in reading English.
在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词后接不定式做补语时，不带to，但是在被动语态中to要还原。常见的动词有：一感feel； 二听hear /listen to； 三让make /let /have； 四看see /look at /watch /observe。例如：
They make me complete the work 2 hours every day. (make sb. do sth.)
I heard him come here yesterday. （hear sb. do sth. ）
He was seen to stand in next room. （被动语态带to ）
六、不定式做状语
⒈做目的状语
I went there to（in order to /so as to）see what will happen.(to do /in order to /so as to 用于句子末尾时，可以互换，但是置于句首时，用to do /in order to , 一般不用so as to。)例如：
He worked very hard to change his life.
2.做原因状语
其结构为sb. +be +adj. to do sth.例如：
They are very happy to come to my party.
I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could read so well.
3.做结果状语
当一个句子中有too或enough时，（too...to ;enough...to 结构中），常用不定式来做结果状语。例如：
You are never too old to enjoy a Christmas stocking.
But there were not enough people to pick them.
但在下列结构中，too...to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。例如：
I’m only too glad to have passed the exam.
We have too much to learn.
too在两个句子中相当于very。
专项练习
1.Don’t forget ________ the cat.
A. to look afterB. look after
C. looked afterD. being look after
2.The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _________.
A. sitB. sit onC. be satD. be sat on
3. Is ______ necessary to return the book tomorrow?
A. this B. that C. itD. which
4. I’m afraid they would not allow him _____ here.
A. to smokeB. smoking C. smokes D. smoke
5.Mother told me ______ the water before I drank it.
A. boiling B. boiled C. boil D. to boil
6.On my way home, I stopped _______ some food.
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought
7.John was madethe car for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washingC. wash D. to be washing
8.The sitting-room needs _______, but it’ll have to wait until Saturday.
A. be cleaning B. to be cleaned
C. clean D. being cleaned
9.The first thing I want to do is __________.
A. visit to himB. to visit him
C. visiting himD. visited him
10.Li Yang advised me _______ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk.
A. not to drinkB. to drink
C. not drinkingD. drinking
11.They would not allow him _____across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go
C. for risk to goD. risk going
12.I saw him _______ out of the room.
A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes
13.Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
14.There’re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _____ to buy.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
15.“ Have you decided when _____________?”“ Yes, tomorrow morning.”
A. to leave B. to be leaving
C. will you leave D. are you leaving
16.Last summer I took a course on ________.
A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be made
C. how made dressesD. to made dresses how
17.Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be takenB. to take
C. being taken D. taking
18.Tom kept quiet about the accident _____ lose his job.
A. so not as toB. so as not to
C. so as to notD. not so as to
19.He said he would rather not _______ it right now.
A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing
20.I prefer ____ rather than ______.
A. read;watch B. to read；watch
C. reading； to watch D. to read； to watch
参考答案
1. A. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事。forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事。
2. B. 后面是可以加上chair的，但为了避免重复省掉了the chair，变成sit on，其中on不能省。
3. C. it为形式主语。
4. A.结构为 allow sb. to do sth.
5. D.结构为tell sb. to do sth.
6. B. stop to do sth. 停下，去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。
7. A. make sb. do 在被动语态中为be made to do
8. B. need to be done与need doing皆为“需要被做”之意。
9. B.不定式结构做表语。
10. A.不定式的否定式：advise sb. not to do sth.
11.A. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事；risk doing sth. 冒险做某事。
12. A. see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事。
13.B.被动语态的make 后带to。
14.B. which 用于一定范围中的“哪一个”， 此处做buy的宾语。
15.B.when + to do 做decide的宾语，若用when引导宾语从句，用陈述句语序。
16.A.句型...on + 疑问词 + to do
17.A.should love to be taken to...意为“愿意被带去……”
19.A. on + 疑问词 + to do
18.B. so as not to do sth.
19.C. would rather not do sth. 宁愿不做某事。
20.B.prefer to do sth.rather than do sth. 意为“宁愿做……而不愿做……”
编辑/丁俊玲