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so与not常可作分句的替代词,代表前面已经出现过的分句的一部分或整个分句,以避免重复。not代表否定,so代表肯定。使用分句替代词so和not的情况通常有下面几种:
1. 一些表示婉转口气的词语(think, suppose, expect, guess, hope, be afraid, believe等)与so/not搭配。如:
—Is it going to rain tomorrow?
—I’m afraid so.
——明天会下雨吗?
——恐怕会下雨。
(so=that it is going to rain tomorrow)
—Aren’t you going to get there on time?
—No. I suppose not.
——难道你们不能及时到达那儿吗?
——我想是的。
(not=that we are not going to get there on time)
注意(1)上述动词与替代词连用时,其否定形式有两种,即:用动词的否定形式加so,或用动词直接加not,如:I don’t suppose/believe/guess/expect/so=I suppose/ believe/guess/expect not。但hope,be afraid和think只有一种形式,只能说I hope not/I’m afraid not,I don’t think so,不能说I don’t hope so/I’m not afraid so/I think not。
(2)一些表示肯定或怀疑口气的词语如be sure,doubt等后面不能用替代词so/not。如:
—Is your friend coming to my birthday party?
—I’m sure she is./I doubt if she is.
——你朋友会来参加我的生日晚会吗?
——我肯定她会/我不知道她是否来。
不能用:I’m sure so/not. 或I doubt so/not.回答。
2. say和tell后面用so,不能用that,一般表示说话的权威性或为什么应相信这些话。如:
The school supplied many books for the children. Mr Smith said so.
学校为孩子们提供了许多书,史密斯先生这么说的。(不能说said that)
—How do you know that he didn’t pass the examination?
—His teacher told me so. (不能说told me that)
——你怎么知道他考试没及格呢?
——他老师告诉我的。
注意I told you so这一句子含有“我警告过你,但你不听”之意。另外,其他表达性的动词后面不能用so。如:
—Is he going to help you clean the classroom?
—Yes, he promised to(不能说promised so).
3. so放在答语的句首,表示“……也一样;……确实如此”,用于肯定句;如果是否定句,则要用neither或nor,不能用not。这两种情况均要用“so/neither/nor+ 系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构。有下面几种情况要注意:
(1)主语相同,而谓语不同。如:
—Do you know Bob was in hospital?
—I don’t know, nor do I care.
——你知道鲍伯住院的事吗?
——我不知道,我也不关心此事。
(2)主语不同,而谓语部分相同。如:
He is good at English, and so am I.
他擅长英语,我也一样。
(3)主语相同,动词相同而时态不同。如:
I haven’t played computer games, and nor/neither will I.
我没玩过电脑游戏,并且将来也不会玩。
(4)当前面句子中的主语属于下列情况时,则要用句型so it is/was with...或it is/was the same with...来表达“……也一样”。
① 两个不同种类的动词。如:
He sold drugs and was put into prison. So it was with his son.
他贩卖毒品被抓进了监狱,他的儿子也一样。
② 两个动词中一个是肯定形式,另一个是否定形式。如:
My daughter likes dancing but doesn’t like singing. It is the same with my wife.
我女儿喜欢跳舞但不喜欢唱歌,我妻子也一样。
③ 动词同类但时态不同。如:
Lucy grew up in New York but now lives in Beijing. So it is with Lily.
露西在纽约长大,但现在住在北京,莉莉也一样。
(5)“so+主语+系动词/助动词/情态动词”结构表示“说话人对前面的或对方所说的情况表示赞同或加以证实”,其意思为“……确实如此”。要注意与“so+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构的区别。如:
—You have dropped a word here.
—Oh, so I have.
——你这儿漏掉一个词。
——喔,确实如此。
4. 与if搭配,构成无动词条件分句if so/if not。如:
We are told that he will come tonight, and if so, our meeting will be held tomorrow. If not, there won’t be any meeting tomorrow.
有人告诉我们他今晚来,如果他来的话,我们明天开会,但如果他不来的话,明天就不开会。(if so=if he comes tonight;if not=if he doesn’t come tonight)
5. 分句替代词not可以与why搭配,构成缩略疑问句why not。如:
—He didn’t come today.
—Why not(=Why didn’t he come)?
——他今天没来。
——为什么没来?
—I don’t know whether I go there or not.
—Why not(=Why won’t you go there)?
——我不知道我是否要去那儿?
——为什么不去?
6. 分句替代词not可与perhaps, possibly, probably, certainly, surely等表示情态的副词搭配,构成某些缩略句,而so不能。如:
—Will you spend your time and money in playing computer games?
—Certainly not(=Certainly I won’t do it).
——你愿意把你的时间和金钱花费在玩电脑游戏上吗?
——当然不(愿意)。
巩固练习
1. —John was born in the USA but grew up in London.
— _______.
A. So did I B. So it was with me
C. So I did D. So was I and so did I
2. —Are you going to our party?
— _______ .
A. I’m afraid not B. I’m not afraid so
C. I don’t hope so D. I think not
3. —Can he pass the final examination?
— _______.
A. I don’t believe it B. Believe it or not
C. Sorry, I believe he can’t D. I believe so
4. I’ll try to be there by 9:00, but_______, start the project without me. Is it OK?
A. if so B. even so C. if not D. even if
5. You say he works hard, _______and _______.
A. so you do; so he does B. so does he; so do you
C. so do you; so does he D. so he does; so do you
6. —Will Mr Green attend the conference?
—Yes, _______.
A. he promised so B. he promised not
C. he promised to D. he didn’t promise so
7. —Don’t you think Jack’s health has been ruined by over drinking?
—Yes, he told me _______himself.
A. the thing B. so C. it D. the fact
8. —Does your sister intend to study German?
—Yes, she intends _______.
A. to B. / C. so D. that
9. —Who wants a ride on my bike?
—_______ .
A. Unless me B. Neither me C. If me D. Not me
10. —Did she write anything more after that?
—No. _______anything.
A. And she also didn’t read B. But she didn’t read
C. Nor did she read D. Neither she read
编辑/梁宇清
KEYS:1—5 BADCD6—10 CBADC
1. 一些表示婉转口气的词语(think, suppose, expect, guess, hope, be afraid, believe等)与so/not搭配。如:
—Is it going to rain tomorrow?
—I’m afraid so.
——明天会下雨吗?
——恐怕会下雨。
(so=that it is going to rain tomorrow)
—Aren’t you going to get there on time?
—No. I suppose not.
——难道你们不能及时到达那儿吗?
——我想是的。
(not=that we are not going to get there on time)
注意(1)上述动词与替代词连用时,其否定形式有两种,即:用动词的否定形式加so,或用动词直接加not,如:I don’t suppose/believe/guess/expect/so=I suppose/ believe/guess/expect not。但hope,be afraid和think只有一种形式,只能说I hope not/I’m afraid not,I don’t think so,不能说I don’t hope so/I’m not afraid so/I think not。
(2)一些表示肯定或怀疑口气的词语如be sure,doubt等后面不能用替代词so/not。如:
—Is your friend coming to my birthday party?
—I’m sure she is./I doubt if she is.
——你朋友会来参加我的生日晚会吗?
——我肯定她会/我不知道她是否来。
不能用:I’m sure so/not. 或I doubt so/not.回答。
2. say和tell后面用so,不能用that,一般表示说话的权威性或为什么应相信这些话。如:
The school supplied many books for the children. Mr Smith said so.
学校为孩子们提供了许多书,史密斯先生这么说的。(不能说said that)
—How do you know that he didn’t pass the examination?
—His teacher told me so. (不能说told me that)
——你怎么知道他考试没及格呢?
——他老师告诉我的。
注意I told you so这一句子含有“我警告过你,但你不听”之意。另外,其他表达性的动词后面不能用so。如:
—Is he going to help you clean the classroom?
—Yes, he promised to(不能说promised so).
3. so放在答语的句首,表示“……也一样;……确实如此”,用于肯定句;如果是否定句,则要用neither或nor,不能用not。这两种情况均要用“so/neither/nor+ 系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构。有下面几种情况要注意:
(1)主语相同,而谓语不同。如:
—Do you know Bob was in hospital?
—I don’t know, nor do I care.
——你知道鲍伯住院的事吗?
——我不知道,我也不关心此事。
(2)主语不同,而谓语部分相同。如:
He is good at English, and so am I.
他擅长英语,我也一样。
(3)主语相同,动词相同而时态不同。如:
I haven’t played computer games, and nor/neither will I.
我没玩过电脑游戏,并且将来也不会玩。
(4)当前面句子中的主语属于下列情况时,则要用句型so it is/was with...或it is/was the same with...来表达“……也一样”。
① 两个不同种类的动词。如:
He sold drugs and was put into prison. So it was with his son.
他贩卖毒品被抓进了监狱,他的儿子也一样。
② 两个动词中一个是肯定形式,另一个是否定形式。如:
My daughter likes dancing but doesn’t like singing. It is the same with my wife.
我女儿喜欢跳舞但不喜欢唱歌,我妻子也一样。
③ 动词同类但时态不同。如:
Lucy grew up in New York but now lives in Beijing. So it is with Lily.
露西在纽约长大,但现在住在北京,莉莉也一样。
(5)“so+主语+系动词/助动词/情态动词”结构表示“说话人对前面的或对方所说的情况表示赞同或加以证实”,其意思为“……确实如此”。要注意与“so+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构的区别。如:
—You have dropped a word here.
—Oh, so I have.
——你这儿漏掉一个词。
——喔,确实如此。
4. 与if搭配,构成无动词条件分句if so/if not。如:
We are told that he will come tonight, and if so, our meeting will be held tomorrow. If not, there won’t be any meeting tomorrow.
有人告诉我们他今晚来,如果他来的话,我们明天开会,但如果他不来的话,明天就不开会。(if so=if he comes tonight;if not=if he doesn’t come tonight)
5. 分句替代词not可以与why搭配,构成缩略疑问句why not。如:
—He didn’t come today.
—Why not(=Why didn’t he come)?
——他今天没来。
——为什么没来?
—I don’t know whether I go there or not.
—Why not(=Why won’t you go there)?
——我不知道我是否要去那儿?
——为什么不去?
6. 分句替代词not可与perhaps, possibly, probably, certainly, surely等表示情态的副词搭配,构成某些缩略句,而so不能。如:
—Will you spend your time and money in playing computer games?
—Certainly not(=Certainly I won’t do it).
——你愿意把你的时间和金钱花费在玩电脑游戏上吗?
——当然不(愿意)。
巩固练习
1. —John was born in the USA but grew up in London.
— _______.
A. So did I B. So it was with me
C. So I did D. So was I and so did I
2. —Are you going to our party?
— _______ .
A. I’m afraid not B. I’m not afraid so
C. I don’t hope so D. I think not
3. —Can he pass the final examination?
— _______.
A. I don’t believe it B. Believe it or not
C. Sorry, I believe he can’t D. I believe so
4. I’ll try to be there by 9:00, but_______, start the project without me. Is it OK?
A. if so B. even so C. if not D. even if
5. You say he works hard, _______and _______.
A. so you do; so he does B. so does he; so do you
C. so do you; so does he D. so he does; so do you
6. —Will Mr Green attend the conference?
—Yes, _______.
A. he promised so B. he promised not
C. he promised to D. he didn’t promise so
7. —Don’t you think Jack’s health has been ruined by over drinking?
—Yes, he told me _______himself.
A. the thing B. so C. it D. the fact
8. —Does your sister intend to study German?
—Yes, she intends _______.
A. to B. / C. so D. that
9. —Who wants a ride on my bike?
—_______ .
A. Unless me B. Neither me C. If me D. Not me
10. —Did she write anything more after that?
—No. _______anything.
A. And she also didn’t read B. But she didn’t read
C. Nor did she read D. Neither she read
编辑/梁宇清
KEYS:1—5 BADCD6—10 CBADC