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非谓语动词是高中阶段语法学习的重点之一，同时也是历年高考青睐的对象，几乎每年高考都涉及到了非谓语动词。然而，非谓语动词的学习令大多数学生感到头疼。笔者认为，在学习中运用对比，有些难题就能迎刃而解。
一、对比作定语的动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
动词-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或主动意味，动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或被动意味。
例如：
1) The guests visiting our school are from Canada.
2) The guests invited to our school are from Canada.
在例1）中-ing短语“visiting our school”与主语 “the guests”之间存在着主动关系，相当于定语从句“who are visiting our school”；而例2）中的-ed短语“invited to our school”与主语之间存在着被动关系，相当于定语从句 “who are invited to our school”。
又如 [NMET 1999]: When I got home I saw a message pinned to the door _____ “sorry to miss you, will call later”。
A. readB. readsC. to read D. reading
动词-ing形式即（reading）作后置定语，修饰message，相当于一个定语从句 “which read”. message 与read之间存在着主动关系，故选D。
[NMET 2000]: The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _____ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
动词-ed形式即(carried out)作后置定语，修饰 “the plan”， “the plan”与 “carried out”之间是被动关系，故选C。
二、对比作感官动词宾补的非谓语动词
作感官动词宾补的非谓语动词可以是不定式﹑动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式.不定式形式表示动作的全过程，动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行，动词-ed形式表示宾语与宾补之间存在被动关系。请看下列句子：
1) Did you hear someone sing upstairs?
2) Do you hear someone singing upstairs?
3) I heard the song sung upstairs.
句子1）表示听到了唱歌的全过程，用省to的不定；句子2）表示听见有人正在唱歌，用动词-ing形式，两句中someone与唱歌之间是主动关系；句子3）song与唱之间是被动关系，故用动词-ed形式。
又如[NMET 1994]: The missing boys were last seen _____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
我们可以把句子转变成：We saw the missing boys _____ near the river.
“the missing boys” 与 “play”之间存在主动关系，而且表示动作正在进行，故选A。
三、对比作状语的动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式作状语相当于状语从句，可以表示原因，时间，伴随，条件，结果等。动词-ing形式作状语常常表主动，而动词-ed形式作状语常常表被动。如：
1) The students came into the lab following the teacher.
2) The students came into the lab followed by the teacher.
例1）含有主动意味，老师走在前面，学生跟着老师；而例2）含有被动意味，学生走在前面，被老师跟着。
让我们再看下列高考题：
[2005全国卷III]：“You can’t catch me！” Janet shouted, _____away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
答案是B。动词-ing形式作伴随状语。
[2004吉林]：When first _____to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A.a introducing B. introduced
C. introduce D. being introduced
答案是B。主语与非谓语动词之间构成被动关系，B项作状语相当于状语从句：When these products were first introduced to the market,…
四、对比既可用不定式又可用动词-ing形式作宾语的一系列动词
有些动词，如remember, forget, regret, go on, mean, try, stop, can’t help等，既可加不定式作宾语又可加动词-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。
I forget to post the letter. (我忘记寄信了)
I forget doing the exercise. （我忘记做过这练习了）
I regret to say our monitor hasn’t passed the exam.（遗憾地告诉你，我们的班长没通过考试）
I regret saying our monitor didn’t pass the exam the day before yesterday, for she looks sad.（我后悔前天说过我们的班长没通过考试，她看起来很伤心）
I tried to help him.（我设法帮助他）
I tried doing it again.（我试着又做了一次）
I mean to come early today.（我今天打算早点来）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时）
He can’t help to finish the task, for he is too busy.(他不能帮助完成这项任务，因为他太忙了)
On hearing the news, she can’t help crying.（听到这个消息，她忍不住哭了）
五、对比接动词-ing形式和接不定式作宾语的一些动词
有些动词只能接动词-ing形式作宾语,而有些动词只能接不定式作宾语，在学习中我们要进行对比记忆。
只接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, finish, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention, miss mind, practise, resist（反抗）, risk（冒险）, suggest, be worth, can’t stand(无法忍受)，devote to, feel like, give up, get down to, insist on, look forward to, object to, put off, stick to, to be used to等。
只接不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, ask, decide, promise, expect, refuse, offer, want, wish, hope, plan, pretend, desire等。
[巩固练习]：非谓语动词对比练习
1．⑴ Have you visited the factory _____computers?
⑵ Do you like the computer _____ in this factory?
A. producing B. produced
C. having been produced D. to produce
2. ⑴ I heard the song _____in Chinese when I came in.
⑵ I heard someone _____in Chinese when I came in.
A. being sung B. sung
C. singingD.to sing
3. ⑴ _____attentively, she didn’t notice the student who is late for class.
⑵ _____clearly, he sat close to the teacher.
A. Being listenedB. To listen
C. Listened D. Listening
4. ⑴ _____, but he still could not understand it.
⑵ _____, he still could not understand it.
A. He had been told many timesB. To tell
C. Having been told many times D. Telling many times
5. ⑴ Don’t you remember _____me?
⑵ Do remember _____to me, please.
A. being written B. to write
C. to be writingD. writing
6. ⑴ Mount Everest isn’t easily _____.
⑵Mount Everest isn’t easy _____.
A. reachedB. to reach
C. to be reachedD. reaching
7. ⑴ Which do you enjoy ______ your spare time, reading at home or taking a walk in the park?
⑵ Do you enjoy _____ your spare time with your family?
A. spending B. to spend
C. having spentD. to have spent
8. ⑴ _____, I attend the meeting instead of him last Monday.
⑵ _____, he didn’t attend the meeting last Monday.
A. He was illB. to be ill
C. He being ill D. Being ill
[巩固练习答案]：1. A/B2. A/C3. D/B4. A/C
5. D/B6. A/B7. B/A8.C/D
一、对比作定语的动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
动词-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或主动意味，动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或被动意味。
例如：
1) The guests visiting our school are from Canada.
2) The guests invited to our school are from Canada.
在例1）中-ing短语“visiting our school”与主语 “the guests”之间存在着主动关系，相当于定语从句“who are visiting our school”；而例2）中的-ed短语“invited to our school”与主语之间存在着被动关系，相当于定语从句 “who are invited to our school”。
又如 [NMET 1999]: When I got home I saw a message pinned to the door _____ “sorry to miss you, will call later”。
A. readB. readsC. to read D. reading
动词-ing形式即（reading）作后置定语，修饰message，相当于一个定语从句 “which read”. message 与read之间存在着主动关系，故选D。
[NMET 2000]: The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _____ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
动词-ed形式即(carried out)作后置定语，修饰 “the plan”， “the plan”与 “carried out”之间是被动关系，故选C。
二、对比作感官动词宾补的非谓语动词
作感官动词宾补的非谓语动词可以是不定式﹑动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式.不定式形式表示动作的全过程，动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行，动词-ed形式表示宾语与宾补之间存在被动关系。请看下列句子：
1) Did you hear someone sing upstairs?
2) Do you hear someone singing upstairs?
3) I heard the song sung upstairs.
句子1）表示听到了唱歌的全过程，用省to的不定；句子2）表示听见有人正在唱歌，用动词-ing形式，两句中someone与唱歌之间是主动关系；句子3）song与唱之间是被动关系，故用动词-ed形式。
又如[NMET 1994]: The missing boys were last seen _____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
我们可以把句子转变成：We saw the missing boys _____ near the river.
“the missing boys” 与 “play”之间存在主动关系，而且表示动作正在进行，故选A。
三、对比作状语的动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式
动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式作状语相当于状语从句，可以表示原因，时间，伴随，条件，结果等。动词-ing形式作状语常常表主动，而动词-ed形式作状语常常表被动。如：
1) The students came into the lab following the teacher.
2) The students came into the lab followed by the teacher.
例1）含有主动意味，老师走在前面，学生跟着老师；而例2）含有被动意味，学生走在前面，被老师跟着。
让我们再看下列高考题：
[2005全国卷III]：“You can’t catch me！” Janet shouted, _____away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
答案是B。动词-ing形式作伴随状语。
[2004吉林]：When first _____to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A.a introducing B. introduced
C. introduce D. being introduced
答案是B。主语与非谓语动词之间构成被动关系，B项作状语相当于状语从句：When these products were first introduced to the market,…
四、对比既可用不定式又可用动词-ing形式作宾语的一系列动词
有些动词，如remember, forget, regret, go on, mean, try, stop, can’t help等，既可加不定式作宾语又可加动词-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。
I forget to post the letter. (我忘记寄信了)
I forget doing the exercise. （我忘记做过这练习了）
I regret to say our monitor hasn’t passed the exam.（遗憾地告诉你，我们的班长没通过考试）
I regret saying our monitor didn’t pass the exam the day before yesterday, for she looks sad.（我后悔前天说过我们的班长没通过考试，她看起来很伤心）
I tried to help him.（我设法帮助他）
I tried doing it again.（我试着又做了一次）
I mean to come early today.（我今天打算早点来）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时）
He can’t help to finish the task, for he is too busy.(他不能帮助完成这项任务，因为他太忙了)
On hearing the news, she can’t help crying.（听到这个消息，她忍不住哭了）
五、对比接动词-ing形式和接不定式作宾语的一些动词
有些动词只能接动词-ing形式作宾语,而有些动词只能接不定式作宾语，在学习中我们要进行对比记忆。
只接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑), delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, finish, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention, miss mind, practise, resist（反抗）, risk（冒险）, suggest, be worth, can’t stand(无法忍受)，devote to, feel like, give up, get down to, insist on, look forward to, object to, put off, stick to, to be used to等。
只接不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, ask, decide, promise, expect, refuse, offer, want, wish, hope, plan, pretend, desire等。
[巩固练习]：非谓语动词对比练习
1．⑴ Have you visited the factory _____computers?
⑵ Do you like the computer _____ in this factory?
A. producing B. produced
C. having been produced D. to produce
2. ⑴ I heard the song _____in Chinese when I came in.
⑵ I heard someone _____in Chinese when I came in.
A. being sung B. sung
C. singingD.to sing
3. ⑴ _____attentively, she didn’t notice the student who is late for class.
⑵ _____clearly, he sat close to the teacher.
A. Being listenedB. To listen
C. Listened D. Listening
4. ⑴ _____, but he still could not understand it.
⑵ _____, he still could not understand it.
A. He had been told many timesB. To tell
C. Having been told many times D. Telling many times
5. ⑴ Don’t you remember _____me?
⑵ Do remember _____to me, please.
A. being written B. to write
C. to be writingD. writing
6. ⑴ Mount Everest isn’t easily _____.
⑵Mount Everest isn’t easy _____.
A. reachedB. to reach
C. to be reachedD. reaching
7. ⑴ Which do you enjoy ______ your spare time, reading at home or taking a walk in the park?
⑵ Do you enjoy _____ your spare time with your family?
A. spending B. to spend
C. having spentD. to have spent
8. ⑴ _____, I attend the meeting instead of him last Monday.
⑵ _____, he didn’t attend the meeting last Monday.
A. He was illB. to be ill
C. He being ill D. Being ill
[巩固练习答案]：1. A/B2. A/C3. D/B4. A/C
5. D/B6. A/B7. B/A8.C/D