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溶瘤病毒(oncolytic virus，OVs)是一类新的治疗药物，通过选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞和诱导全身抗肿瘤免疫的双重作用机制实现抗肿瘤效果。OVs优先在肿瘤细胞中复制并调节肿瘤的微环境，肿瘤细胞的裂解会释放肿瘤特异性抗原，从而触发先天和适应性免疫，介导局部和全身性的肿瘤免疫根除。此外，OVs可以被工程化以优化肿瘤选择性和增强免疫刺激，并且易与其他药物组合。OVs的有效性已在临床前和临床试验中得到证明，FDA批准了美国首个OV(talimogene laherparepvec，T-vec)用于黑色素瘤的治疗。尽管目前OVs用于肿瘤治疗方面取得了重大进展，但是OVs的功能以及与宿主免疫系统的相互作用机制尚不完全清楚。本文探讨了OVs作为肿瘤治疗药物的作用机制，总结了OVs在临床试验中的应用，并对OVs作为一种新的治疗癌症药物在发展中面临的挑战和前景做了展望。“,”Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a new class of therapeutic approaches that achieve anti-tumor effects through the dual action mechanism of selectively killing tumor cells and inducing systemic anti-tumor immunity. OVs preferentially replicate and regulate the tumor microenvironment in tumor cells. The lysis of tumor cells will release tumor-specific antigens, thereby triggering innate and adaptive immunity and mediating the eradication of local and systemic tumor immunity. In addition, OVs can be engineered to optimize tumor selectivity and enhance immune stimulation, and are easily combined with other drugs. The effectiveness of OVs has been proven in preclinical studies and clinical trials. The FDA approved the first OV (talimogene laherparepvec, T-vct) in the United States for the treatment of melanoma. Although OVs have made significant progress in tumor therapy, the function of OVs and the mechanism of interaction with the host immune system are not fully understood. This article discusses the mechanism of action of OVs as a tumor treatment drug, summarizes the application of OVs in clinical trials, and looks forward to the challenges and prospects of OVs as a new cancer treatment drug in the development.