神经母细胞瘤是小儿常见的恶性肿瘤之一,据日本国立癌中心统计,占小儿全部恶性肿瘤的8.4%,但国内报告尚不多,且生前约半数误诊或未能作出诊断。本文报告两例经尸检证实的肾上腺(区)神经母细胞瘤,并结合有关文献就诊断、鉴别诊断、误诊原因等加以讨论,以提高对神经母细胞瘤的认识。例1 女,6岁,以不规则发热,进行性苍白乏力四月余之主诉入院。查体:重度贫血 Neuroblastoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in children. According to the statistics of Japan’s National Cancer Center, it accounts for 8.4% of all pediatric malignancies. However, there are not many reports in the country and about half of them were misdiagnosed or diagnosed before their death. This article reports two cases of adrenal (area) neuroblastoma confirmed by autopsy, combined with the literature on diagnosis, differential diagnosis, misdiagnosis of the reasons to be discussed in order to improve awareness of neuroblastoma. Example 1 Female, 6 years old, with irregular fever, progressive pale fatigue in April more than the main admission. Physical examination: severe anemia