工业毒理学、环境毒理学、食品毒理学或环境流行病学在研究接触-反应关系时,均要应用生物学接触评价方法。近20年来,环境监测发展很快,并已制订出各种环境质量标准。然环境质量并不能反映人体的接触水平,故近年来,重心已转移到发展生物学接触限值,即呼出气、血、尿等样品中环境因子或其代谢产 Industrial Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology, Food Toxicology or Environmental Epidemiology Biological contact assessment methods are used in the study of contact-response relationships. In the past 20 years, environmental monitoring has developed rapidly and various environmental quality standards have been formulated. However, the quality of the environment does not reflect the level of human exposure, so in recent years, the focus has shifted to the development of biological exposure limits, that exhaled gas, blood, urine and other samples of environmental factors or their metabolites