Rice is one of the most important crops as the staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Rice improvement has achieved remarkable success in the past half-century, with the yield doubled in most parts of the world and even tripled in certain regions, which has contributed greatly to food security globally. Rapid population growth and economic development pose a constantly increased food requirement. However, rice yield has been hovering in the past decade, which is mainly caused by the absence of novel breeding technologies, reduction of genetic diversity of rice cultivars, and serious yield loss due to increasingly severe occurrences of insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses. To address these challenges, Chinese scientists proposed a novel rice breeding goal of developing Green Super Rice to improve rice varieties and realize the sustainable development of agriculture, by focusing on the following 5 classes of traits: insect and disease resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use efficiency, quality and yield potential. As a modern breeding approach, transgenic strategy will play an important role in realizing the goal of Green Super Rice. Presently, many transgenic studies of rice have been conducted, and most of target traits are consistent with the goal of Green Super Rice. In this paper, we firstly review technical advances of rice transformation, and then outline the main progress in transgenic rice research with respect to the most important traits: insect and disease-resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use efficiency, quality, yield potential and herbicide-tolerance. The prospects of developing transgenic rice are also discussed. Rice is one of the most important crops as the staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Rice improvement has achieved remarkable success in the past half-century, with the yield doubled in most parts of the world and even tripled in certain regions , which has contributed greatly to food security globally. However, rice yield has been hovering in the past decade, which is mainly caused by absence the novel breeding technologies, reduction of genetic diversity of rice cultivars, and serious yield loss due to increasingly severe occurrences of insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses. To address these challenges, Chinese scientists proposed a novel rice breeding goal of developing Green Super Rice to improve rice varieties and realize the sustainable development of agriculture, by focusing on the following 5 classes of traits: insect and disease resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use efficiency, quality and yield potential. As a modern breeding approach, transgenic strategy will play an important role in realizing the goal of Green Super Rice. Presently, many transgenic studies of rice have been conducted, and most of target traits are consistent with the goal of Green Super Rice. In this paper, we first review technical advances of rice transformation, and then outline the main progress in transgenic rice research with respect to the most important traits: insect and disease-resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient -use efficiency, quality, yield potential and herbicide-tolerance. The prospects of developing transgenic rice are also discussed.